1101 CH9 Lesson

1

Module 9: Networking Basics

2

Lesson 1: Classifying Networks

3

Topic 1.1: Connectivity

4

Connectivity

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ND

Pixabay.com

5

Network Components

• Node
• Host
• Media
• Data
• Device

Source: 30Bird Media

6

Nodes/Hosts

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7

Media

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Pixabay.co
m

8

Data

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9

Networking device

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10

MAC Addresses

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ND

E0:D5:5E : 65:B7:A8

OUI

Device

ID

11

Physical vs. logical networks

Almost every aspect of a network can be divided into:

Hardware (physical network)

Software (logical network)

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Pixabay.com

12

Ethernet Network Spanning Two Buildings

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Repeater

Building: LAN

13

Networking Challenges

Network Challenge

Characteristic

Availability

Maintaining consistent connectivity and avoiding outages

Reliability

Network free of communication errors

Serviceability

Ease of maintenance

Performance

Speed and accuracy a networks traffic travels

Security

Unauthorized user challenge to access network data

Scalability

Growing and meeting demands

Compatibility

Physical and logical successful communication

Quality of Service
(QoS)

Connection quality in regard to performance, reliability, and availability

14

Fill in the Blank

MAC stands for:

Type your answer in the boxes

15

Multiple Choice

A MAC address has how many total bits:

1

48

2

24

3

36

4

12

16

Multiple Choice

The first 24 bits of a MAC are used for the:

1

OUI

2

Device ID

3

Media

4

Data

17

Multiple Choice

The last 24 bits of a MAC are used for:

1

Device ID

2

OUI

3

Hexadecimal

4

Computers

18

Multiple Choice

Any device attached on the network that sends and recieves information is known as a:

1

node

2

host

3

workstation

4

IP

19

Multiple Choice

Any device that is the beginning or end of communication is known as a:

1

host

2

node

3

workstation

4

device

20

Topic 1.2: Network Scope

21

Network Scope

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Campus Area Network (CAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Storage Area Network (SAN), though technically not a scope

22

Local Area Network (LAN)

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Wide Area Network (WAN)

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24

Personal Area Network (PAN)

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25

Campus Area Network (CAN)

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26

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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27

Storage Area Network (SAN)

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NC

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Software Defined Network (SDN)

• Adds new abstraction layer

• Split physical and logical

• Separates functions

• Routers
• Switches
• Related devices

Source: Joonmin Gil, Young-Sik Jeong, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

29

Topic 1.3: Resource Sharing Models

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Resource-sharing models

• Things you want network access to are

called resources:

• Files
• Connections
• Devices
• Services

• Two primary models are:

• Peer-to-peer: each computer

negotiates with all others as equals

• Client-server: user systems access

centrally-managed resources

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
Source: Michel Bakni, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons

31

Peer-to-Peer networks

Source: 30Bird Media

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Client-server networks

Source: 30Bird Media

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About reference models

• Reference models use abstraction layers to separate parts of the system
• A component operates within its own layer, communicates with adjacent layers,

and doesn't interact directly with other layers

• There are two primary reference models you'll see discussed in network topics:

The OSI model and the TCP/IP model

Source: Markolinsky, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

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TCP/IP model

Source: 30Bird Media

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TCP/IP layers

Layer

Purpose

Network Access AKA, Network Access Layer or Link Layer, defines how nodes communicate on local network and adapter level.

Internet

Controls routing of packets across multiple logical networks.

Transport Manages end-to-end communication between hosts, and
breaks application data up into segments sent network.

Application

Allows user level applications to access other layers

36

Multiple Choice

What scope of network is most often controlled by a single user?

1

PAN

2

MAN

3

LAN

4

WAN

37

Reorder

Reorder the following Networks from smallest to largest

PAN

LAN

CAN

MAN

WAN

1

2

3

4

5

38

Multiple Choice

True/False: Most small LANs will use both P2P and client-server elements.

1

True

2

False

39

Multiple Choice

Which TCP/IP Layer does an ethernet card operate on?

1

Network Interface

2

Application

3

Internet

4

Transport

5

Data Link

40

Lesson 2: Network Devices

41

Topic 2.1: End-to-end Communications

42

End-to-end communications

The end-to-end principle has two
points:

• Transitions between layers

should be as close to the end
points as possible.

• Devices between the end points

should operate on the lowest
layer possible.

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
Source: Gethub, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia
Commons

43

Using a Repeater

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Extender

Building: LAN

Degraded signal

Strong signal

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44

Using a Hub

Source: 30Bird Media

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Bridges

Source: 30Bird Media

46

Translating Bridges

Source: 30Bird Media

47

Switches

Pixabay.com

48

Routers

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
This Photo is licensed under CC BY-SA

49

VLANs

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SA

50

Network interface controllers

• Every device connected to a network has at least one network interface

controller (NIC)

• Also be called a LAN adapter, physical network interface, or network interface

card

• The most familiar NICs are Ethernet and Wi-Fi adapters built into PCs

Source: Evan-Amos, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

51

Configuring NIC options

Source: 30Bird Media

52

Multiple Select

What are the two different types of switches?

1

Managed

2

Unmanaged

3

Powered

4

Unmannered

5

Multilayer

53

Multiple Choice

Which addresses does a router use to send traffic?

1

IP

2

Network Mask

3

MAC

4

Subnet Mask

54

Multiple Choice

A _______ is a device made to enable connections over long distances.

1

Repeater

2

Router

3

Modem

4

Switch

55

Multiple Choice

A switch can segment the network using software that creates a new broadcast domain, these are called:

1

VLAN

2

Subnetting

3

VMAN

4

Firewall Rules

56

Multiple Choice

Which of these devices are not considered to be a smart device?

1

Hub

2

Router

3

Switch

4

Modem

57

Multiple Choice

What is the main disadvantage of using a hub?

1

Collisions

2

Limited number of devices that can be connected

3

High cost

4

Difficult to troubleshoot network issues

58

Multiple Choice

What makes a bridge better than repeaters or hubs?

1

It actively works to prevent collisions.

2

It causes MAC issues.

3

It is more cost-efficient.

4

It is easier to install.

59

Topic 2.2: Network Security

Appliances

60

Network security appliances

• Firewalls
• Intrusion detection and prevention systems
• VPN endpoints
• Unified threat management

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
Source: Dgondim, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons

61

Firewalls

• Software
• Hardware

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SA

62

Intrusion detection and prevention
• Intrusion detection systems

• IDS is primarily a monitoring tool

• Intrusion prevention systems

• IPS is an active system

Intrusion Detection/Intrusion Protection

Source: Rkouere, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons

63

VPN endpoints

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64

Unified security solutions

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ND

65

Topic 2.3: Additional Network Devices

66

Additional network devices

• Access points
• Modems
• Wireless devices
• Power over Ethernet

devices

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
Source: Sabbo91, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via
Wikimedia Commons

67

Modems

Data is modulated by the transmitter to create an analog signal.

The signal is read, or demodulated, on the other end by the
receiver.

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
Source: 30Bird Media

68

Wireless devices

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69

Wireless extenders

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70

Using a wireless bridge

Source: 30Bird Media

71

Powerline networking

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NC

72

Power Over Ethernet (PoE)

Copyright © 2019 ACCELETRAIN® All rights reserved.
Source: 30Bird Media

73

Quality of Service (QoS)

• Quality of Service

• Throughput
• Latency
• Reliability

• Traffic Shaping

Source: Lorenzo David, Luca Ghio, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

74

Review Questions

Your LAN has a high collision rate. What devices could segment the network and
reduce collisions?

A. Hub
B. Repeater
C. Router
D. Switch

75

Your LAN has a high collision rate. What devices could segment the
network and reduce collisions?

A. Hub
B. Repeater
C. Router
D. Switch

Review Questions

76

Which of the following are true about bridges?

A. Bridges cannot join two different link layer protocols.
B. Bridges reduce network collisions.
C. Bridges separate IP subnets.
D. Switches are bridges with more than two ports.
E. Wireless access points are bridges between Wi-Fi and Ethernet networks.

Review Questions

77

Which of the following are true about bridges?

A. Bridges cannot join two different link layer protocols.
B. Bridges reduce network collisions.
C. Bridges separate IP subnets.
D. Switches are bridges with more than two ports.
E. Wireless access points are bridges between Wi-Fi and Ethernet networks.

Review Questions

78

TRUE or FALSE, A “cable modem” is a modem in the sense that it connects to the
Internet but isn’t a modem in the technical sense.

A. True
B. False

Review Questions

79

TRUE or FALSE, A “cable modem” is a modem in the sense that it connects to the
Internet but isn’t a modem in the technical sense.

A. True
B. False

Review Questions

80

You reconfigured your 24-port switch from two VLANs to three. Ports 1-10 are on
VLAN #1, Ports 11-16 on #2, and ports 17-24 on #3. What kind of assignment are
you using?

A. Dynamic
B. Static
C. Trunked
D. Variable

Review Questions

81

You reconfigured your 24-port switch from two VLANs to three. Ports 1-10 are on
VLAN #1, Ports 11-16 on #2, and ports 17-24 on #3. What kind of assignment are
you using?

A. Dynamic
B. Static
C. Trunked
D. Variable

Review Questions

82

TRUE or FALSE, In network terms, all wireless access points are also routers.

A. True
B. False

Review Questions

83

TRUE or FALSE, In network terms, all wireless access points are also routers.

A. True
B. False

Review Questions

84

You want to replace the network firewall, IDS, and content filter with a single
device which will provide comprehensive network security protection. What sort
of product should you look for?

A. DLP
B. Endpoint security suite
C. TACACS+
D. UTM

Review Questions

85

You want to replace the network firewall, IDS, and content filter with a single
device which will provide comprehensive network security protection. What sort
of product should you look for?

A. DLP
B. Endpoint security suite
C. TACACS+
D. UTM

Review Questions

86

Lesson 3: Internet Connections

87

Enabling Objectives


Identify common internet connection methods.

88

Topic 3.1: Wired Internet Access

89

Wired Internet access

Internet Connection Speeds

Technology

Characteristic

Description

Dialup

< 56Kbps

Analog phone lines

ISDN

64-128Kbps

Digital phone lines

DSL

128Kbps-100Mbps

Data as secondary signal on analog lines

Broadband cable

384Kbps-400Mbps

Data over cable television lines

Fiber-optic

Up to 1Gbps

Optical cables

90

Demarcation Points

Source: 30Bird Media

91

Dialup access

Analog modem connects through traditional voice telephone networks.
Can be referred to as the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or
plain old telephone service (POTS).

Source: 30Bird Media

92

ISDN

Source: 30Bird Media

93

DSL

Source: 30Bird Media

94

Cable Broadband

Source: 30Bird Media

95

Fiber-Optic Internet

Source: 30Bird Media

96

Topic 3.2: Wireless Internet Access

97

Wireless Internet access

• Cellular data:

• Mobile phones and some other uses

• Terrestrial wireless:

• Technologies using ground-based

broadcasts

• Satellite Internet:

• Satellites for data connections

This Photo is licensed under CC BY-
SA

98

Cellular Internet

Source: 30Bird Media

• Can be accessed directly by a

device, by way of an adapter,
through a mobile hotspot, or by
tethering

• Connections are available

virtually anywhere

• Technical names and marketing

terms can make it difficult to
understand what speeds and
features users can expect

• Speed and bandwidth can

change or be limited depending
on your provider and plan

99

Cellular Generations

• 1G—Original analog cellular networks used in 1980s

and 1990s. No longer available.

• 2G—Early digital cellular networks, first to include

data capabilities. Expected to be shut down in 2016
and 2017.

• 2.5G - 2.9G—Marketing terms for later 2G services

designed for faster and more efficient data
operation.

• 3G—Comply with IMT-2000 specification created by

ITU. Designed from start for mobile data networks.

• 4G LTE—Long Term Evolution standards being used

to transition existing 3G networks to newer, faster
standards.

• 5G—Any of a series of emerging new technologies

for high-speed mobile connections up to 20 Gbps

This Photo is licensed under CC BY-
NC

100

Terrestrial wireless

• Terrestrial Internet technologies
• One example IEEE 802.16 WiMAX,
• Fixed wireless

This Photo is licensed under CC BY-
SA

101

Satellite Internet

This Photo is licensed under CC BY-SA

• Satellite connections enable access when

terrestrial connections are not available

• Has significant limitations including cost,

speed, and reliability

• Connections are subject to high latency due

to high-orbiting satellites, and weather
conditions may affect performance

• Upload performance may not be fast

enough for all users

102

Topic 3.3: Internet Troubleshooting

103

Internet Connectivity Troubleshooting

Tool

Use

Speed test site

• Website that measures bandwidth and latency of your Internet

connection.

• Useful for determining whether slowness is general or with

specific remote networks.

TCP/IP test site

• Website that hosts public access to TCP/IP diagnostic tools: ping,

traceroute, DNS lookups, or port checks.

Public DNS
server

• Allows DNS queries from the general public.
• Useful when DNS server fails or behaves unreliable.

Looking glass
site

• Public server that provides BGP routing information for given

network.

• Useful for checking routing information and comparing with local

results.

104

ISP Troubleshooting

Problem

Possible explanations

Interface errors

•Configuration problems with individual host or router interfaces

•Try multiple devices, or different interfaces on same device.

DNS errors

•Check DNS settings or try a public server.

Router errors

•Make sure routers configured to find correct default route to
WAN.

Interference

•Check outdoor wiring and equipment for damage by weather,
construction, or animals.

Policy-based

•Security policy of local network or ISP can cause what looks like
network problem.

•Might require controlling network use or switching to higher-
capacity plan.

105

Activity: Using diagnostic sites

Speed testing sites

speedtest.net
speedof.me

speakeasy.net/speedtest

Online network tools

network-tools.com

ping.eu

centralops.net/co

Source: GBSI

106

Review Questions

Which of the following statements are true?

A. By definition, you are responsible for all devices on your side of the
demarc.
B. By definition, your ISP is responsible for all devices outside of the demarc.
C. Sometimes devices on your side of the demarc might still be your ISP’s
responsibility
D. “The local loop” refers to the customer side of the demarc
E. “The local loop” refers to the ISP side of the demarc.

107

Which of the following statements are true?

A. By definition, you are responsible for all devices on your side of the
demarc.
B. By definition, your ISP is responsible for all devices outside of the
demarc.
C. Sometimes devices on your side of the demarc might still be your ISP’s
responsibility
D. “The local loop” refers to the customer side of the demarc
E. “The local loop” refers to the ISP side of the demarc.

108

What internet connection technology uses the same wires as your analog phone
line, but a separate communications channel?

A. Cable
B. Dialup
C. DSL
D. ISDN

109

What internet connection technology uses the same wires as your analog phone
line, but a separate communications channel?

A. Cable
B. Dialup
C. DSL
D. ISDN

110

How many channels are there in a BRI ISDN connection?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 23
D. 30

111

How many channels are there in a BRI ISDN connection?

A. 2
B. 3
C. 23
D. 30

112

Order the following cellular data technologies from slowest to fastest, in general
terms.

A. ___ 3G
B. ___ HSPA+
C. ___ 4G LTE
D. ___ EDGE

113

Order the following cellular data technologies from slowest to fastest, in general
terms.

A. __4_ 3G
B. __1_ HSPA+
C. __2_ 4G LTE
D. __3_ EDGE

114

Summary: Network Basics

You should now know:
• How networks are classified, including basic components, scope,

resource-sharing model, and TCP/IP layers.

• About common network hardware devices. These include

infrastructure devices such as hubs, repeaters, bridges, switches,
and routers. They also include other devices such as modems,
firewalls, and wireless access points.

• About common Internet service connections, including dial-up,

broadband, and wireless options.

115

Quiz: Network Devices

Examcompass.com CompTIA A+ Certification Core 1 Network Devices Quiz

1101 CH9

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