LEC NOTES 5

LECTURE NOTES 6
LPE2501 Academic Writing

CLAUSES AND SENTENCE TYPE

Independent Clause

■An independent clause has a subject and a verb, and often a complement.

■It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence.

■Example: The sun shines brightly.

      The volcano erupted.

*More examples in lecture notes 6, page 1

Dependent Clause

• It is formed with a subordinator (refer to lecture notes 6 page 2).

• It also has a subject, a verb and sometimes a complement.

• It does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Example: Because the sun shines brightly.   (fragment)

      When the volcano erupted (fragment)
*More examples in lecture notes 6, page 1

EXERCISE 1

Read and label each sentence accordingly

Some text here about the topic of discussion

1. Sleep deprivation is caused by consistent lack of sleep or reduced quality of sleep. (Independent)

2. While the short-term impacts are more noticeable (Dependent)

Multiple Choice

The long-term effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency can be serious and far-reaching

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

Also, lack of sleep has been found to induce effects that are similar to being drunk

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

Which slows down thinking and reaction time

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

As sleep deprivation leads to lower alertness and concentration

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

Because neurons do not have time to recuperate

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

Eventually, it can cause serious cognitive impairments

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

Although avoiding sleep deprivation and getting quality sleep are a challenge

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Multiple Choice

It is possible to recover or prevent sleep deprivation with proper sleep habits

• INDEPENDENT

• DEPENDENT

Draw

Read and identify the dependent clauses in the following paragraph

Draw

Read and identify the dependent clauses in the following paragraph

Draw

Read and identify the dependent clauses in the following paragraph

Simple Sentence

• A simple sentence contains a subject and verb (s+v).

• It expresses a single complete thought.

• A simple sentence is a single independent clause.

  *Refer to lecture notes 6, page 4 for examples of simple sentences

Open Ended

Write a simple sentence with one subject and one verb.

Open Ended

Write a simple sentence with one subject and two verbs.

Open Ended

Write a simple sentence with two subjects and one verb.

Open Ended

Write a simple sentence with two subjects and two verbs.

Compound Sentences

• A compound sentence contains two independent clauses.

• There are 3 ways to join the clauses:

  • With a coordinator (FANBOYS)

  • With a conjunctive adverb ( ;therefore, ;however, ;thus, )

  • With a semicolon (;)

*Refer to lecture notes 6, pages 5-10 for examples of compound sentences

Examples of Compound Sentences

For each pair of sentences, form a compound sentence by joining the two independent clauses with a coordinator that best fits the meaning. Use each FAN BOYS coordinator once. Make sure to also punctuate them correctly.

​A small amount of sun exposure is healthy. Overexposure can cause health problems.

A small amount of sun exposure is healthy, but overexposure can cause health problems.

Open Ended

Too much sun exposure is not good for the skin. It is good for your genetic material (DNA).

Open Ended

Everyone who goes outside is exposed to the sun. It is important to know the effects of sun exposure.

Open Ended

Anxiety is surprisingly common among young children. Not many parents are aware of it.

Open Ended

Anxiety in children should be addressed early. It will linger and continue to disrupt their daily life.

Open Ended

Emoji are used frequently in digital messages. They are becoming more diversified as well.

Open Ended

Linguists believe that emoji are not ruining language. They are a natural substitute for gestures in digital messages.

Open Ended

Recycling takes time and effort. It is crucial for protecting ecosystems and wildlife.

Ex. 5 Lecture Notes

Complex Sentences

• A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clause(s).

• A subordinator begins the dependent clauses.

• A sentence that begins with a dependent clause must be followed by a comma.

• A dependent clause has a subject and a verb, but it does not make sense on its own.

*Refer to lecture notes 6, page 11 for examples of complex sentences

Ex. 6 Lecture Notes