Ionic Bonding

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Ionic Bonds

● Attraction between two or more atoms

● Interaction between valence electrons
of at least a metal and a nonmetal is called ionic bonding

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Valence Electrons

● Electrons in the highest (outer) electron level

● Have most contact with other atoms

● Known as valence electrons

● Outer shells of noble gases contain 8 valence

electrons (except He = 2)

Example:

Ne 2, 8

Ar2, 8, 8

Multiple Choice

Which group/family has the most valence electrons?

• alkali metals

• alkaline earth metals

• halogens

• noble gases

Multiple Select

Which groups lose their electrons during chemical bonding with other elements?

• group 1/alkali metals

• group 2/alkaline earth metals

• group 3/boron family

• transition metals

Multiple Select

Which groups receive electrons from metal elements during ionic bonding?

• group 5

• group 6

• group 7

• noble gases

symbols of an element with dots around it representing valence electrons only

​Electron or Lewis Dot Structure to Represent Valence Electrons of Elements

​The chlorine atom has 7 dots around its element symbol because it is in group 7(or column 17) which has 7 valence electrons in its outer energy levels.

Multiple Select

Which two elements have the same number of electron dots around their symbol?

• oxygen

• nitrogen

• boron

• aluminum

Multiple Select

Which two elements could represent the shown lewis or electron dot structure shown in the picture?

• Be

• Li

• Ca

• C

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Learning Check

Draw the electron dot of valence electrons of the elements listed below.

Write your answers in your notes.

Li Mg Al N S F Ne

Multiple Select

Which two pairs of elements would have the same electron dots around their symbols and why?

• Al and Si, both belongs to the same period

• Ca and Ra, both belongs to the same group

• Fe and Co, both are transition metals

• Ne and Kr, both are noble gases

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Octet Rule

● An octet in the outer shell makes atoms stable

● Electrons are lost, gained or shared to form an octet

​Ionic compounds are formed when a metal bonds with a nonmetal element.

The two elements reach octet to become neutral and stable.

​Formation of Ions From Metals

• Ionic compounds result when metals react with nonmetals.

• Metals lose electrons when reacting with nonmetals to achieve 8 filled valence shells.

• Positive ions (cations) formed when the number of electrons are less than number of protons.

​Ions From Nonmetals

• In ionic compounds, nonmetals 5A, 6A, 7A gains electrons

• Nonmetals add electrons to achieve octet.

• Negative ions (anions) formed when the number of electrons are more than number of protons.

​Group 5A (column 15) are -3 ions

Group 6A (column 16) are -2 ions

Group 7A (column 17) are -1 ions

Multiple Select

Which two elements have the ionic charges of -2?

• N

• O

• Se

• Be

Multiple Choice

Which elements have -3 ionic charges and why?

• Al, B, Ga; belong to group 3

• N, P, As; belongs to group 5A

• C, N, O; belongs to period 2

• Na, Mg, Si; belongs to period 3

Multiple Choice

Which element has an ionic charge of -2 and why?

• oxygen, it is period 2

• calcium, it is group 2

• oxygen, it has 6 valence electrons

• magnesium, it has 2 valence electrons

Multiple Choice

Which elements are already stable and why?

• Fr and Lr, it has the most energy levels

• Fe and Co, belongs to transition metlas

• Xe and Ar, noble gases has 8 filled valence electrons

Multiple Select

Why do atoms of different elements bond?

• to achieve 7 energy levels

• to achieve excited state

• to achieve octet valence electrons

• to become neutral and stable

Multiple Choice

When calcium reacts with fluorine, what is the correct name of the ionic compound formed?

• calcide fluoride

• calcium fluoride

• calcium fluorine

• fluorine calcide

Multiple Choice

When calcium bonds with fluorine, what is the ion formula of the anion formed?

• Ca-2

• Ca⁺²

• F^-1

• F⁺¹

Multiple Choice

What is the oxidation state of the phosphorus atom and why?

• loses 5 electrons; it has 5 valence electrons

• gains 3 electrons; it has 5 valence electrons

• loses 3 electrons; it is group 5A

• gains 3 electrons; it is period 3

Multiple Choice

When aluminum bonds with oxygen, what is the correct ion formula of the cation?

• Al⁺³

• O^-2

• Al^-3

• O⁺²

Open Ended

Write the ion formula of the following elements:

francium, radium, aluminum

Open Ended

Write the ion formula of the following elements:

bromine, sulfur, nitrogen