Ch. 11 Study Guide

Ch. 11 Study Guide

​Genetics- scientific study of heredity

Fertilization- process in sexual reproduction in which male & female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Trait- specific characteristic of an individual

Self-Pollination- sperm cells fertilize egg cells from within the same flower

Cross-Pollination- pollen from another flower is used to fertilize an egg of another flower

Hybrid- offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Monohybrid- a genetic mix between 2 individuals who have homozygous genotypes

Dihybrid- a genetic mix between individuals with different alleles for 2 genes of interest

​Genes- sequence that codes DNA for a protein

​Alleles- different forms of genes

​Probability- the likelihood that a particular event will occur

Phenotype- detectable expression of the genotype

Genotype- sequence of DNA

Homozygous- having 2 identical alleles for a particular gene

​Heterozygous- having 2 different alleles for a particular gene

​What's the purpose of the Punnett square?

To predict the variation& probabilities that can come from cross-breeding

Explain Law of Segregation & Law of Independent Assortment.

​Law of Segregation- Each gamete receives just one gene copy, which is selected randomly.

Law of Independent Assortment- The alleles of 2 different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Incomplete dominance- a situation in which one allele isn't completely dominant over another allele

Co-dominance- a situation in which the phenotype produced by both alleles are completely expressed

Multiple alleles- a gene that has more than 2 alleles

Polygenic traits- traits controlled by 2 or more genes

Explain how the environment has a role in how genes determine traits.

Sometimes the environment changes a gene or two, either its DNA sequence or its activity level.