Industrialization and Nationalism Part 3.2

Industrialization and Nationalism

National Unification and Nationalism Part 2

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• After 1848, Great Britain became more liberal, while the governments of

France, Austria, and Russia grew more authoritarian.

• Great Britain

• Great Britain managed to avoid the revolutionary upheavals of the first half of

the nineteenth century.

• In 1815, aristocratic landowning classes, which dominated both houses of

Parliament, governed Great Britain.
• In 1832, Parliament passed a bill that increased the number of male voters.

•The new voters were chiefly members of the industrial middle class.
• By giving the industrial middle class an interest in ruling Britain avoided revolution in 1848.

• In the 1850s and 1860s, Parliament continued to make social and politicalreforms that helped

the country to remain stable.
• However, despite reforms, Britain saw a rising Irish nationalist movement demanding

increased Irish control over Irish internal affairs.

• Another reason for Britain’s stability was its continuing economic growth.

• By 1850, industrialization had brought prosperity to the British middle class.

• After 1850, real wages of workers rose significantly enabling the working classes to share

the prosperity.

Multiple Select

The governments of which THREE countries became more authoritarian?

• France

• Austria

• Russia

• Great Britain

Multiple Choice

By 1850, what brought prosperity to the British middle class?

• Industrialization

• Peace

• Education

• Religion

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• Great Britain Cont.

• Queen Victoria, whose reign from 1837 to 1901 was the longest in English

history, well reflected the British feeling of national pride.

• Victoria’s sense of duty and moral respectability reflected the attitudes of her age,

later known as the Victorian Age.

• France

• In France, events after the revolution of 1848 , moved toward the restoration of

the monarchy.

• Four years after his election as President in 1848, Louis-Napoleon returned to the

people to ask for the restoration of the empire.
• In this plebiscite, or popular vote, 97 percent responded with a yesvote.

•On December 2, 1852, Louis-Napoleon assumed the title of NapoleonIII, Emperor of France.

• (The first Napoleon had named his son as his successor and had given him the title of

Napoleon II. Napoleon II never ruled France, however.)

• The Second Empire had begun.

Multiple Choice

Who had the longest reign in English history?

• Henry VIII

• Charlemagne

• Queen Victoria

• Alexander the Great

Multiple Choice

What is the popular vote called in France?

• baroque

• coup

• le vote

• plebiscite

Nationalism and Reform in Europe
• France Cont.

• The government of Napoleon III was clearly authoritarian.

• As chief of state, Napoleon III controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service.

• Only he could introduce legislation and declare war.

•The Legislative Corps gave an appearance of representative government, because the members of
this groups were elected by universal male suffrage for six-year terms.
• However, they could neither initiate legislation not affect the budget.

• Napoleon III completely controlled the government and limited civil liberties.

• Nevertheless, the first five years of his reign were a spectacular success.

• To distract the public from their loss of political freedom, he focused on expanding the

economy.
•Government subsidies helped foster the rapid construction of railroads, harbors, roads, and canals.
• Iron production tripled.

• In the midst of this economic expansion, Napoleon III also carried out a vast

rebuilding of the city of Paris.

• The old Paris of narrow streets and walls was replaced by a modern Paris of broad

boulevards, spacious buildings, public squares, an underground sewage system, a
new public water supply system, and gaslights.
• The new Paris served a military purpose as well.

•Broad streets made it more difficult for would-be rebels to throw up barricades and easier for troops
to move rapidly through the city in the event of revolts.

Multiple Select

What THREE things did Napoleon III control?

• Armed Forces

• Politicians

• Police

• Civil Service

Nationalism and Reform in Europe
• France Cont.

• In the 1860s, opposition to some of Napoleon’s economic and governmental

policies arose.

• In response, Napoleon III began to liberalize his regime.

• FOR EXAMPLE, he gave the legislatures more power.

•In a plebiscite held in 1870, the French people gave Napoleon another victory.
• This triumph was short-lived, however.

• After the French were defeated in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, the Second Empire fell.

• The Austrian Empire

• Nationalism, a major force in nineteenth century Europe, presented special

problems for the Austrian Empire.

• That was because the empire contained so many different ethnic groups, and many

were campaigning for independence.
• Yet the Austrian Empire had managed to frustrate their desires.

• After the Hapsburg rulers crushed the revolutions of 1848 and 1849, they

restored centralized, autocratic government to the empire.

• Austria’s defeat at the hands of the Prussians in 1866, however, forced the Austrians

to make concessions to the fiercely nationalistic Hungarians.

Multiple Choice

In response to his opposition, what did Napoleon III begin to liberalize?

• Education

• Parliament

• Religion

• Regime

Multiple Select

Due to the empire containing so many ethnic groups, what were many of them doing?

• Fighting Each Other

• Campaigning For Independence

• Starting Their Own Businesses

• Living In The Same Area

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• The Austrian Empire Cont.

• The result of these concessions was the Compromise of 1867.

• This compromise created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

• Each of these two components of the empire not had its own constitution, its own

legislature, its own governmentbureaucracy, and its own capital (Vienna for Austria and
Budapest for Hungary).
•Holding the two states together were a single monarch(Francis Joseph was both emperor pf Austria
and king of Hungary) and a common army, foreign policy, and system of finances.

• In domestic affairs, then, the Hungarians had become an independent nation.

• The compromise, of course, did not satisfy the other nationalities that made up the

multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire.

• Russia

• At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Russia was overwhelmingly rural,

agricultural, and autocratic.

• The Russian czar was still regarded as a divine-right monarch with unlimited power.
• However, the Russian government faced challenges.

Multiple Choice

What created the dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary?

• Jay's Treaty

• Magna Carta

• Compromise of 1867

• Peace of Westphalia

Multiple Select

What THREE things described Russia at the beginning of the nineteenth century?

• Urban

• Rural

• Autocratic

• Agricultural

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• Russia Cont.

• It used soldiers, secret police, repression, and censorship to withstand the

revolutionary fervor on the early 1800s.

• In 1856, however, as described earlier, the Russians suffered a humiliating defeat in

the Crimean War.
• Even staunch conservatives realized that Russia was falling hopelessly behind the western

European powers.
•Czar Alexander II decided to make some reforms.

• Serfdom, the largest problem the czarist Russia, was not just a humanitarian

issue, but a complicated one that affected the economic, social, and political
future of Russia.

• On March 3, 1861, Alexander issued an emancipation edict, which freed the serfs.

• Peasants could not own property and marry as they chose.

•The government provided land for the peasants by buying it from the landlords.

Multiple Choice

What was the largest problem for czarist Russia?

• Famine

• Depression

• Serfdom

• Racism

Multiple Choice

What did Alexander issue on March 3, 1861 that freed the slaves?

• 17th Amendment

• Emancipation Edict

• Legislative Laws

• Freedom Codes

Nationalism and Reform in Europe

• Russia Cont.

• The new lands system, however, was not that helpful to the peasants.

• The landowners often kept the best lands for themselves.

• The Russian peasants soon found that they did not have enough good land to support

themselves.
•Emancipation, then, led not to a free, landowning peasantry but to an unhappy, land-starved
peasantry that largely followed old ways of farming.

• Alexander II attempted other reforms as well, but he soon found that he could

please no one.

• Reformers wanted more changes and a faster pace for change.

• Conservatives thought that the czar was trying to destroy the basic institutions of Russian

Alexander II in 1881.
•His son, Alexander III, became the successor to the throne.
• Alexander III turned against reform and returned to the old methods of repression.

Multiple Choice

Who wanted more changes and a faster pace for change?

• Leftists

• Countrymen

• Politicians

• Reformers

Multiple Choice

Who thought that the czar was destroying the basic institutions of Russia?

• Conservatives

• Liberals

• Leftists

• Anarchists

Nationalism in the United States

• The United States Constitution committed the nation to liberalism and

nationalism.

• Yet national unity did not come easily.

• Two factions fought bitterly about the division of power in the new government.

•The Republicans, fearing central power, wanted the federal government to be subordinate to the
state governments.
• These divisions had ended with the War of 1812 against the British.

• The surge of national feeling served to cover up the nation’s divisions.

• By the mid-nineteenth century, slavery had become a threat to American unity.

• Four million enslaved African Americans were in the South by 1860, compared with

one million in 1800.

• The South’s economy was based on growing cotton on plantations, chiefly by

slave labor.

• The cotton economy and plantation-based slavery were closely related.

• The South was determined to maintain them.

•At the same time, abolitionism, a movement to end slavery, arose in the North and challenged the
Southern way of life.

Multiple Select

The United States Constitution committed the nation to what TWO things?

• Conservatism

• Radicalism

• Liberalism

• Nationalism

Multiple Choice

What was the movement to end slavery?

• Underground Railroad

• Legislation

• Abolitionism

• Freedom Fighters

Nationalism in the United States

• As opinions over slavery grew more divided, compromise became less plausible.

• Abraham Lincoln said in a speech in 1858 that “this government cannot endure

permanently half slave and half free.”
• When Lincoln was elected President in November 1860, war became certain.

• On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted to secede, or withdraw, from the

United States.

• In February 1861, six more Southern states did the same.

• A rival nation-the Confederate States of America-was formed.

•In April, fighting erupted between the North and South- the Union and the Confederacy.

• The American Civil War(1861 to 1865) was an extraordinarily bloody struggle.

• Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation declared most of the nation’s enslaved people

“forever free.”
• The surrender of Confederate forces on April 9, 1865, meant that the United States would

be “one nation, indivisible.”
•National unity had prevailed.

Multiple Choice

What does it mean to withdraw?

• Infringe

• Takeaway

• Secede

• Keepsake

Multiple Choice

What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

• Stopped The Civil War

• Got Europe Involved In The Civil War

• Freed All The Enslaved People In America

• Made The South Rejoin The North