Age of Exploration

Age of Exploration

Unit 7b

Essential Question: Is a more interconnected world a better one? For whom and for what cost?

During the 1400s and 1500s European explorers—inspired by greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new technologies — sailed to many previously unknown lands.

​

​Voyages of Discovery

​Three G’s:

God

Glory

Gold

Multiple Choice

Why were Europeans looking for a new route to Asia?

• The Gunpowder Empires wouldn't trade with them anymore.

• They wanted to cut out the middleman (Muslim Empires).

• They were bored with the one they had (Silk Road).

• They had all these new fancy ships they wanted to try out.

Fill in the Blank

What did Europe want from Asia?

SPICES

SILK

PORCELAIN

Introduced to products during the Crusades.

What did Europe want from Aisa?

​Vasco da Gama in 1497

Indians not interested in his stuff

Three months without seeing land

Half his crew didn't make it back

But the pepper and cinnamon brought in enough profit that it inspired others

Navigation

• ​Precise measurements were needed to navigate

• Compass brought from China

• Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims (latitude)

• Navigators could now chart locations based on sun, stars in relation to horizon

​Increase in Technology allowed for Exploration

Ship Building

• Deep-draft ships could

  • Withstand heavier waves,

  • Ride lower in the water

  • Carry more cargo

• Caravel (light, fast sailing ship)

  • Rudder

  • Triangular sails (lateen)

  • Equipped with weapons

​

Ocean and Wind Currents

​Mapped

Would go out of their way to use

Safer

• ​Discovered Madeiras and Azores Islands (uninhabited)

• Cultivated sugarcane

• Originally traded guns down west African coast for gold and slaves

• 1488 Bartolomeu Días sailed around Cape of Good Hope 

• 1497 Vasco da Gama reached India (1498) and back (1499)

​VIP: Prince Henry the Navigator

Open Ended

How did technology/innovation allow for exploration?

Multiple Choice

Why was Portugal looking for Islands to grow Sugar?

• Sugar traded for a lot of money in Asia.

• Worth a lot of money and ran out of space to grow in Portugal.

• Worth a lot of money and couldn't grow in Portugal.

• Sugar was used to power their ships.

Multiple Choice

Looking for islands to grow sugar was which of the three G's?

• Gold

• Glory

• God

As Portugal sails down the coast of Africa where else might they land?

Christopher Columbus

From Genoa

Portuguese doubted his geography and already had a way to India

• Thought Eurasian landmass was 270 degrees longitude (really 140)

• Thought the earth’s circumference was 17,000 nautical miles (really 25,000)

• So, Canary Islands is 2,500 from Japan (really 10,000)

1492 landed in Bahamas

• Taíno called it Guanahaní, Columbus called San Salvador

• Sailed around looking for gold and sent an expedition to speak with the emperor of China

(Spanish, English, French, and Dutch followed)

​Hispaniola - base of Spanish operations

Taíno native inhabitants

• 4 million in 1492 - Few thousand in 1540s

Canoe, hammock, hurricane, barbecue, maize, tobacco derive from Taíno

No silk to trade

Encomienda

• Spanish settlers had the right to compel Taíno to work and the duty to look after their health and conversion to Christianity

Optimistically mined for gold for more than a century

1550s den for English pirates

1640s set up plantations (sugar, later tobacco)

Imported slaves after the local population died from smallpox

Multiple Select

Columbus sailed for which of the three G's?

• Gold

• Glory

• God

Open Ended

Who benefited from Columbus landing in Hispaniola?

Ferdinand Magellan

Had sailed with Portugal

Believed Columbus and Spain sent him to find the western route to Asia

Left Spain 1519 with five ships and 280 men

Sailed around cape Good Horn (strait of Magellan)

Four months without taking on provisions

Scurvy killed 29 of the crew

Reached Guam 1521

Died in Philippine islands with 40 of his crew

The rest went home the usual way (circumnavigating the world)

Arrived 1522 with one ship and 18 of original crew

Fill in the Blank

What did Europe want from Asia?

Multiple Choice

Some historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following innovations best supports this claim?

• The Compass

• Silk Weaving

• Steam Power

• The Stirrup

Multiple Choice

Which explorer was the first to circumnavigate the globe?

• Marco Polo

• Christopher Columbus

• Ferdinand Magellan

• Henry Hudson

Exploration Map

Wanted to control trade not establish colonies

• Established trade wherever they explored

Mid-16th century had built more than 50 trading posts

• 1498 establish Goa

• 1500 established Calicut

Tried to control Indian Ocean

• Conquered strategic locations and demanded everyone else pay for safe passage

• Most didn't

​Portugal

Conquer Philippines

• Mostly coasts

• No organized resistance

  • Except for Mindanao (Islam)

• Chinese merchants - 25%

  Commercial success brought suspicion and massacred by the thousands in at least six eruptions of violence (1603, 1639, 1662, 1686, 1762, 1819)

​Spain

Indian and Pacific Oceans

​

Treaty of Tordesillas- 1494

• Spain got west of 370 degrees and Portugal east

• Established sugar plantations on coast

• Left backwater villages alone (languages and traditions still survive)

• 500,000 Spanish settled, 100,000 Portuguese

​Portugal

Conquistadores

1521 Hernán Cortés defeated Aztecs in Mexico

• Allied with other indigenous

• Smallpox killed so many the Aztecs were unable to function

• Tortured king for location of gold

1533 Francisco Pizarro defeated Inca in Peru

• Exploited a civil dispute

• Tortured king for location of gold

• Stole from the dead (filched)

• Many allied with Spanish (liberators)

• Smallpox

​Spain

Atlantic Ocean

​No Gold, but Spain did find Silver!

Treaty of Tordesillas

​What might some potential problems be?

​

wheat, rice, sugar, bananas, apples, cherries, peaches, peas, citrus fruits

horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens

From Europe

yams, okra, collard greens, and coffee

From Africa

maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, manioc, papaya, guava, avocado, pineapple, cacao, tobacco

Quinine from bark first effective treatment for malaria

​​From Americas

Early 16th century disease killed many of Americas and Pacific Islands

• Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, and influenza

Endemic in Europe - 10-15% of children

In a century ~90% of indigenous

Between 1500-1800 upwards of 100 million may have died

Smallpox

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Corn

• Americas

• Europe

• Africa

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Coffee

• Americas

• Europe

• Africa

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Apples

• Americas

• Europe

• Africa

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Wheat

• Americas

• Euroasia

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Tomato

• Americas

• Europe

• Africa

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Potato

• Americas

• Europe

• Africa

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Horse

• Americas

• Euroasia

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Sheep

• Americas

• Euroasia

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Turkey

• Americas

• Europe

• Africa

Multiple Choice

Where am I from?

Goat

• Americas

• Euroasia

Open Ended

What was a negative consequence from a more inter-connected world?

Open Ended

How did Europe, Africa, and the Americas benefit from a more inter-connected world?

​

Review Questions:

1. Which menu do you find more appetizing? Why?

2. Which item do you think had the biggest impact on the New World? Explain.

3. Which item do you think had the biggest impact on the Old World? Explain.

4. What were some possible negative consequences of the Columbian Exchange?

Creating a Lunch Menu:

Create two full cafeteria menus:

• One using ONLY New World items

• One using ONLY Old World items:

​	​New World Menu	Old World Menu​
​Snack	​	​
Main Dish​	​	​
Side Dish​	​	​
​Drink	​	​
Dessert​	​	​

​	​New World Menu	Old World Menu​
​Snack	​	​
Main Dish​	​	​
Side Dish​	​	​
​Drink	​	​
Dessert​	​	​

Review Questions:

1. Which menu do you find more appetizing? Why?

2. Which item do you think had the biggest impact on the New World? Explain.

3. Which item do you think had the biggest impact on the Old World? Explain.

4. What were some possible negative consequences of the Columbian Exchange?

Poll

Which Menu did you prefer?

• New World

• Old World

​

English and Dutch

●Also built trading posts

○English concentrated on India

○Dutch more broadly (Cape Town, Colombo, Batavia)

●Had faster, cheaper, more powerful ships than
Portugal

●Joint-stock companies

○English East India Trading company

■Founded 1600

■First voyage left with 30,000 bullion, returned
with 1,000,000 pounds worth of spices

○United East India Company

■VOC, Dutch, established 1602

​

​Dutch Empire

Netherlands (Dutch)

●South Africa

●Established Cape Town in 1652

●Conquered local tribe with guns

​

Dutch conquest of Java

●Concentrated on control of spice trade

○Cloves, nutmeg, mace

●Uprooted plants on islands they did not
control

●Attacked those who didn't sell to VOC

“Monopoly profits from the spice trade not only enriched the VOC but also made the Netherlands the most prosperous land in Europe throughout most of the 17th century.”

Open Ended

Who benefited from a more inter-connected world? How did they benefit?

Open Ended

What is a joint-stock company?

Multiple Select

Select all the countries who came to North America.

• England

• Netherlands

• France

• Spain

• Germany

North America

●French

○Port Royal 1604

○Quebec in 1608

○Eastern Canada

○Mississippi River

●English

○Jamestown 1607

○Massachusetts Bay in 1630

○Colonies on East coast

●Dutch

○New Amsterdam in 1623

○Conquered by English (New York) in 1664

●Relied heavily on imports

●Private investors funded

●Self government

●Indigenous not organized in large
cities with centralized government

●Natives moved villages around

●150,000 Europeans settled on
arable lands

●Sought legal justification for
claims by negotiating treaties

●Hunting considered a privileged
pastime by the Europeans and
not a way of life (disdained the
natives)

●Natives raided and were attacked
in return

●Smallpox

Fur trade

●Decline of beaver populations

●Beaver Wars between Native Americans

●Natives allied with Europeans and involved in their
conflicts

Tobacco and cash crops

●Use of tobacco skyrocketed

●Touted as a healing herb

●The North couldn't use indigenous as laborers

●Used indentured labor then slaves

●South more than North (less intensive crops), both
profited from slave trade

Spanish missionaries

●Catholic priests served as representatives of the
crown

●Learned native languages and recorded customs

●Indigenous still practiced their religious (even
maybe human sacrifice).

●Virgin of Guadalupe

○Virgin Mary appeared before Juan Diego in 1531 on a hill
near Mexico City.

○Built a shrine that attracted pilgrims

French and English

●Colonists did not encourage converts

Multiple Choice

What is a Cash Crop?

• A crop that can be used instead of money.

• A crop grown to eat some and sell the extra.

• A crop grown exclusively to sell.

• A crop grown exclusively to eat

Multiple Choice

What were the two main cash crops during the 1700s?

• Wheat and Barley

• Sugar and Tobacco

• Tobacco and Wheat

• Sugar and Wheat

Multiple Choice

Besides sugar and spices, what other product sold really well in Europe?

• Furs

• Potatos

• Chocolate

• Gold

Multiple Choice

I conquered/built trading posts in India, Brazil, and Islands in the Atlanic.

Who am I?

• England

• The Netherlands

• Spain

• Portugal

Multiple Choice

I conquered/built trading posts in India, Africa, and North America.

Who am I?

• England

• The Netherlands

• Spain

• Portugal

Multiple Choice

I conquered/built trading posts in South America and the Philippines.

Who am I?

• England

• The Netherlands

• Spain

• Portugal

Multiple Choice

I conquered/built trading posts in North America and Africa, but primarily controlled the Spice Trade.

Who am I?

• England

• The Netherlands

• Spain

• Portugal

Multiple Select

I did not really try to convert natives to Christianity.

Who am I?

• England

• The Netherlands

• Spain

• Portugal

Multiple Select

I did really tried to convert natives to Christianity.

Who am I?

• England

• The Netherlands

• Spain

• Portugal

Trading interests led to conflict and pirates
Seven years war

●1756-1763

●Global conflict

○Europe, India, Caribbean, North America

○Pitted Britain and Prussia against France,
Austria, and Russia

○Britain won

“Placed Britain in a position to dominate
world trade"
“Paved the way for the establishment of the
British Empire in the 19th century"

Global trade

Trading posts linked European markets to Asian
markets

Manila Galleons took Asian luxury items to Mexico, got
silver, traded silver in China for gold, traded for more
silver and luxury items in Japan, some Asian luxury
items stayed in Mexico, others went across mainland
to Europe

“By 1750 all parts of the world except Australia
participated in global networks of commercial
relations”

Fur bearing animals drove to extinction or near
extinction

Deer, codfish, whales, walruses, seals similar fate

Open Ended

Is a more inter-connected world a better one? For whom and at what cost?

• Capitalism

• Investors bought shares of stock in a company

• If the company made a profit, each shareholder received a portion of the profits!

Joint-Stock Companies

​Development of New Economic Systems

• Only a fixed amount of wealth exists in the world

• You gain wealth then by exporting more than you import (collecting bullion - gold and silver)

• A country should not be dependent on any other country for anything

Mercantilism

British Conquest of India

Slave trade

●Slavery in Africa

○Power and wealth came from ability to control labor force (not
ownership of land)

○Songhay used slaves as bureaucrats because they didn't trust
nobility

●Islamic slave trade

○Started raiding to fill demand

○10 million total (roughly)

○After eighth century to twentieth

○Mediterranean, southwest Asia, India, southeast Asia

●European

○1450s

○Started with Portuguese

○Delivered to Atlantic islands to work sugar plantations

○1530s to Brazil

○1518 Spanish brought to Caribbean for sugar then to Mexico as
miners

○English to Americas in 1600s

Triangular trade

●Horses and European goods (firearms) to
Africa

●African slaves to Caribbean and Americas

●Brought sugar and molasses back to
Europe

Middle Passage

●Filthy and crowded ships

●4-6 weeks

●50% mortality at first. Went down to 5%.

Impact

●Volume

○Before 1600 2000 slaves per year

○After 1600 20,000 slaves per year

○1700s 55,000 slaves per year

○1780s 88,000 slaves per year (highest was over 100,000)

○Total: 12 million forced migration, 4 million dead

●Kingdoms far from coast largely unimpacted
(Rwanda, Bugunda)

●Some profited (Asante, Dahomey, Oyo) - fought
against ending it

●Distorted gender ratios

○⅔ were men between 14-35

○Didn't want slave children

○Always had to go back to Africa for more slaves

○Angola embraced polygamy

○Women took on duties of men

​

Abolition

●Olaudah Equiano

○1745-1797

○Freed slave who wrote books to expose brutality

●Overhead costs of armed guards and feeding unwilling labor,
decline in sugar prices, rise in slave cost

●Shifted to Manufacturing (wage labor cheaper)

●1803 Denmark abolished slavery - sale of, so black market
slaves (last documented in 1867)

●1807 - Great Britain

●1808 - US

●1814 - France

●1817 - Netherlands

●1845 - Spain

Multiple Choice

What got sent to Africa in the Triangular Trade?

• Slaves

• Guns

• Sugar

• Gold

Multiple Choice

What did NOT get sent to Europe in the Triangular Trade?

• Slaves

• Guns

• Sugar

• Gold

Multiple Choice

What got sent to the Americas in the Triangular Trade?

• Slaves

• Tobacco

• Sugar

• Gold