AP Psychology: Hypnosis and Psychoactive Druge

Multiple Choice

The primary key to hypnosis is finding someone who a. accepts suggestions easily. b. has a vivid imagination. c. is already very tired. d. is easily distracted

• accepts suggestions easily.

• has a vivid imagination.

• is already very tired.

• is easily distracted.

Multiple Choice

Some researchers have suggested that hypnosis may work due to an individual’s personal expectations about what being hypnotized is supposed to be like and the individual’s ability to play a particular role in the given social situation. Which theory of hypnosis best accounts for these possible explanations for an individual’s behavior while hypnotized? b. expectancy theory d. biological theory

• dissociative theory

• social-cognitive theory

• expectancy theory

• biological theory

Multiple Choice

Which theory of hypnosis includes the idea of a “hidden observer”?

• social cognitive

• expectancy

• biological

• dissociative

Multiple Choice

Your friend tells you she is seeing a therapist who wishes to use hypnosis as part of her therapy. However, your friend is concerned that she might be hypnotized without knowing it. What might you tell her?

• Be careful. Hypnotists are in control of you while hypnotized.

• Not to worry. Hypnotists can only control their patient’s behavior about 40 percent of the time.

• That you actually hypnotize yourself and you cannot be hypnotized against your will.

• Don’t worry. Hypnosis is just an illusion and doesn’t really work.

​Stimulants: Up, Up, and Away 4.12 Identify the effects and dangers of using stimulants. Stimulants are a class of drugs that cause either the sympathetic division or the central nervous system (or both) to increase levels of functioning, at least temporarily. In simple terms, stimulants “speed up” the nervous system—the heart may beat faster or the brain may work faster, for example. Many of these drugs are called “uppers” for this reason.

• ​Amphetamines Amphetamines are stimulants that are synthesized (made) in laboratories rather than being found in nature. Among the amphetamines are drugs like Benzedrine, Methedrine, and Dexedrine. A related compound, methamphetamine, is sometimes used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or narcolepsy. “Crystal meth” is a crystalline form that can be smoked and is used by “recreational” drug users, people who do not need drugs but instead use them to gain some form of pleasure.

• Cocaine Unlike amphetamines, cocaine is a natural drug found in coca plant leaves. It produces feelings of euphoria (a feeling of great happiness), energy, power, and pleasure. It also deadens pain and suppresses the appetite.

​Nicotine Every year, nearly 480,000 people in the United States die from illnesses related to smoking, costing more than $300 billion in health care and productivity losses annually. That’s more people than those who die from accidents in motor vehicles, alcohol, cocaine, heroin and other drug abuse, AIDS, suicide, and homicide combined.

Nicotine is a relatively mild but nevertheless toxic stimulant, producing a slight “rush” or sense of arousal as it raises blood pressure and accelerates the heart, as well as providing a rush of sugar into the bloodstream by stimulating the release of adrenalin in addition to raising dopamine levels in the brain’s reward pathway

​Caffeine is another natural substance, like cocaine and nicotine, and is found in coffee beans, tea leaves, cocoa nuts, and at least 60 other types of plants (Braun, 1996). It is a mild stimulant, helps maintain alertness, and can increase the effectiveness of some pain relievers such as aspirin. Caffeine is often added to pain relievers for that reason and is the key ingredient in medications meant to keep people awake.

​Depressants

​Commonly known as the major tranquilizers (drugs that have a strong depressant effect) or sleeping pills, barbiturates are drugs that have a sedative (sleep-inducing) effect. Overdoses can lead to death as breathing and heart action are stopped. The minor tranquilizers (drugs having a relatively mild depressant effect) include the benzodiazepines. These drugs are used to lower anxiety and reduce stress. Some of the most common are Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Ativan, and Librium. Both major and minor tranquilizers can be addictive, and large doses can be dangerous, as can an interaction with alcohol or other drugs.

​Alcohol The most commonly used and abused depressant is alcohol, the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter. Anywhere from 10 to 20 million people in the United States suffer from alcoholism. In 2014, nearly 25 percent of people aged 18 or older reported that they had participated in binge drinking within the past month (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [NIAAA], 2016). Aside from the obvious health risks to the liver, brain, and heart, alcohol is associated with loss of work time, loss of a job, and loss of economic stability.

​Opiates: I Feel your Pain Opiates are a type of depressant that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system’s natural receptor sites for endorphins (called opioid receptors), the neurotransmitters that naturally deaden pain sensations. Because they also slow down the action of the nervous system, drug interactions with alcohol and other depressants are possible—and deadly. All opiates are a derivative of a particular plantbased substance—opium.

​Hallucinogens actually cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations (Olin, 1993) and can produce sensory distortions very similar to synesthesia ( to Chapter Three: Sensation and Perception), in which sensations cross over each other—colors have sound, sounds have smells, and so on. False sensory perceptions, called hallucinations, are often experienced, especially with the more powerful hallucinogens. There are two basic types of hallucinogens—those that are created in a laboratory and those that are from natural sources

• ​LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful synthetic hallucinogen.

• PCP synthesized drug now used as an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.

• MDMA: (Ecstasy or X) designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects. stimulatory hallucinogenics drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects.

• marijuana mild hallucinogen (also known as “pot” or “weed”) derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of hemp plant.

Multiple Choice

As consequences to stopping drug use, headaches, nausea, shaking, and elevated blood pressure are all signs of

• withdrawal.

• overdose.

• psychological dependency.

• amphetamine toxicity.

Multiple Choice

What drug’s physical withdrawal symptoms include severe mood swings (crash), paranoia, extreme fatigue, and an inability to feel pleasure?

• cocaine

• caffeine

• alcohol

• heroin

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about nicotine is true?

• In terms of addictive power, nicotine is more powerful than heroin or alcohol.

• Nicotine can slow the heart and therefore create a sense of relaxation.

• Overall, the number of Americans smoking is on the increase.

• Overall, the number of women and teenagers smoking is on the decrease.

Multiple Choice

. _____________ is a tranquilizer that is also known as the “date rape” drug.

• Halcion

• Librium

• Rohypnol

• Xanax

Multiple Choice

Typically, opiates have the ability to

• cause intense hallucinations.

• suppress the sensation of pain.

• stimulate the user.

• cause deep levels of depression.

Multiple Choice

Most studies of marijuana’s effects have found that

• it creates a powerful psychological dependency.

• it creates a strong physical dependency.

• it produces intense withdrawal symptoms.

• it is easy to overdose on the substance.