Microbiology-Study Guide

Microbiology-Study Guide

Cellular Respiration

​Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

The respiratory system (main organs, lungs) brings gasses into the body. The circulatory system (main organ, heart) transports oxygenated blood to cells throughout the body. Then, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere where plants use it and energy from the sun to undergo photosysthesis...

This is part of the CARBON CYCLE.

Multiple Choice

Which systems work together to deliver oxygen to cells in the body?

• skeletal and respiratory

• respiratoty and circulatory

• digestive and circulatory

• muscular and digestive

Multiple Choice

Cellular Respiration is part of what cycle?

• Rock cycle

• water cycle

• nitrogen cycle

• carbon cycle

Multiple Choice

All of the following are negative results of drinking alcohol EXCEPT...

• Alcohol can cause liver cells to die

• Alcohol can cause reaction time to slow down

• Alcohol can make people more social

• Alcohol can cause red blood cells to move more rapidly.

Multiple Choice

Which best describes why driving after drinking alcohol is biologically dangerous?

• It can cause nervousness.

• It can cause heart rate to speed up.

• It can lead to liver damage

• It can affect reaction time and thought processes

​Pathogens

• Pathogens are microorganisms (small living things), or things that have some life-like functions, that cause diseases.

• They can be unicellular or multicellular

• Fungi

• Viruses

• Bacteria

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a pathogen?

• fungi

• virus

• diarrhea

• bacteria

​FUNGI

"Fungi can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms. They are found in just about any habitat but most live on the land, mainly in soil or on plant material rather than in sea or fresh water. A group called the decomposers grow in the soil or on dead plant matter where they play an important role in the cycling of carbon and other elements. Some are parasites of plants causing diseases such as mildews, rusts, scabs or canker. In crops fungal diseases can lead to significant monetary loss for the farmer. A very small number of fungi cause diseases in animals. In humans these include skin diseases such as athletes’ foot, ringworm and thrush."

From Microbiology Society https://microbiologysociety.org/why-microbiology-matters/what-is-microbiology/fungi.html

• Athletes foot

• Ringworm

• Eye Fungus

• Toenail fungus

Fungi Pathogens Examples

Multiple Choice

All fungi are pathogens, meaning they are all bad for us.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

All of the following are fungal infections except which one?

• athelete's foot

• ring worm

• toenail fungus

• strep throat

​Viruses:

• NOT LIVING, even though they have some characteristics of living cells.

• They don't eat, digest, respirate, reproduce, or move on their own

• Most are smaller than bacteria

• Antibiotics DO NOT kill them, since antiBIOtics only kill living cells.

Viruses cont:

​Vaccines against pathogens:

• Pathogens are things that cause harm to the body

• Injections (shots) help fight against viruses in different ways

  • A weakened form of a pathogen is injected

  • A dead pathogen is injected

  • Parts of a pathogen are injected

• Once the vaccine has been given, the body sends white blood cells to fight the pathogen. Then, the body remembers how to fight against the pathogen if it ever enters the body again.

• Once a vaccine is given, you are generally immune to the disease.

Viruses Continued: Replication

• Viruses clone themselves but do not actually reproduce (remember, they are not living, therefore do not have offspring).

• They inject their DNA into a host cell, which replicates viruses inside of them.

• The host cell burst open, releasing the new virus clones. The new clones attach to other cells and start the process over.

• Some viruses can replicate very quickly and spread either by respiration (airborne) or through bodily fluids (bloodborne).

​Common Types of Viruses

• The common cold (a type of Coronavirus)

• COVID 19

• The Flu

• HIV/AIDS

• Chicken Pox

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true of viruses?

• Viruses are living.

• Antibiotics can not kill viruses

• Viruses are large enough to see with the naked eye.

• All viruses are deadly.

Multiple Choice

Which of the followng statements is true?

• People can't be protected by any viruses.

• Vaccines can protect against some viruses.

• Viruses can be cured with cough syrup.

• Coughing is the only way viruses can be spread.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are examples of a virual infections?

(CLICK ALL CORRECT ANSWERS)

• HIV/AIDS

• Chicken Pox

• The common cold

• Influenza (the flu)

​Bacteria Review

• Living, usually single-celled organisms

• Most are larger than viruses, but still microscopic

• Antibiotics can kill most bacteria; however, overuse of antibiotics can result in antibiotic resistance (meaning they will no longer kill the bacteria)

• most bacteria is helpful, and not harmful

​Bacteria Continued

• There are more bacterial cells in your body than blood cells

• Bacteria reproduce asexually

• Bacteria can mutate or become resistant to antibiotics

• Bacteria are used in the production of certain foods, such as milk products

Examples of Bacteria and bacterial infections:

• ecoli

• salmonella

• strep throat

• pneumonia

• urinary tract infections

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is correct concerning bacteria?

• Bacteria are living

• All bacteria are harmful.

• Bacteria need two parent cells to reproduce.

• All bacteria are always killed by antibiotics.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are bacterial infections?

(CHOOSE ALL CORRECT ANSWERS)

• Strep throat

• Pneumonia

• urinary tract infections

• COVID-19

Spreading Pathogens

​Epidemics and Pandemics

Pathogens are usually transmitted either through the air or bodily fluids.

When many people in a local area are infected, the result is an epidemic.

When an epidemic is spread throughout a country or the world, it becomes a pandemic.

Both epidemics and pandemics can cause fear. People with weaker immune systems, in poorer countries, or who are interact more in society, are more prone to be impacted worse.

Social distancing is the best way to eradicate pathogens, especially during pandemics and epidemics.

​Spreading Pathogens, cont.

"Some pathogens are spread with the help of other living things.

A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infectious disease from an infected animal to a human or another animal. Vectors are frequently arthropods such as mosquitos, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice." EFSA

The mosquito is a vector for many diseases such as malaria.

The tick is a vector for the spread of Lyme's Disease

Cloning

​In Nature

Cloning is the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or organism. One example is when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

• Nothing, they are exactly the same.

• Epidemics are worldwide, and pandemics are localized

• Pandemics are worldwide, and epidemics are localized

• People get sicker during a pandemic than during and epidemic.

Multiple Choice

What is the best way to slow or stop a pandemic once it starts?

• Eat a healthy diet.

• Stay away from other people as much and as long as possible.

• Create a vaccine.

• Kill or alter mosquitos.

Multiple Choice

What is the role of a tick that carries Lyme's Disease, or a mosquito carrying maleria?

• A parasite

• A virus

• A clone

• A vector

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true?

• Cloning is when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration.

• Cloning is when a cell needs 2 parent cells to make a baby cell.

• Cloning is when viruses inject DNA into a host cell

​Biotechnology

Biotechnology involves manipulating genes and microorganisms for the purpose of industries.

DNA Fingerprinting is a unique sequence of repeating units in a section of DNA. Through biotechnology, the DNA fingerprints are slightly altered for a desired outcome...to get something to be the way they want it to be.

People debate whether or not gene manipulation is ethical. Some argue that pathogens may mutate in response to gene manipulation, or that new pathogens may be created.

​Biotechnology in Agriculture

Agriculture, or farming, is an industry that utilizes gene manipulation.

Some of the positive results of genetically modifying organism, called GMOs, are:

• An increase in crop production (the number of crops grown)

• An increase in insect resistance

• An increase in water tolerance, either too much or too little

• Better tasting foods

Multiple Choice

Which is the best statement is true about DNA fingerprinting?

• DNA has special prints like humans have.

• DNA fingerprinting is a unique sequince of repeating units in DNA

• DNA get their fingerprints taken when they get arrested.

• All humans have the exact same DNA fingerprints.

Multiple Choice

Which statement is true?

• There is no risk to gene modification.

• There is a risk of gene mutation and new pathogens when genes are modified.

• Gene modification only leads to bad results.

• Gene modification is illegal throughout the world.

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a benefit of gene modification in agriculture?

• Foods will never rot again once they've been genetically modified.

• GMOs can result in more crops being produced.

• GMOs can result in better tasting crops.

• GMOs can result in foods being more tolerant to diseases, insects, and droughts.