Adult - Conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONS

​Conjunctions

WHAT ARE CONJUNCTIONS?

•Conjunctions are words that link other

words, phrases, or clauses together.

FOR EXAMPLE:
BECAUSE, SINCE, AS,
ALTHOUGH, THOUGH,
WHILE, AND WHEREAS…

I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. We needed a place to
concentrate, so we packed up our things and went to the
library. Jesse didn’t have much money, but she got by.

BECAUSE

BECAUSE: FOR THE REASON THAT

•Because + Clause (S + V…)

•Because of + N(phrase)/ Ving/the fact that S + V…

BECAUSE

I passed the exam because you helped me.

I passed the exam because of your help.

BECAUSE = SINCE = AS

S + V + BECAUSE OF + NOUN/ NOUN PHRASE

Owing

to

Due to

On account of

EXAMPLE

• We cancelled our flight because the weather was bad.

• = We cancelled our flight because of the bad weather.

Owing

to

Due to

On account of

Fill in the Blank

Because or because of?

"The flight was delayed ___ bad weather."

Multiple Choice

The school's poor exam record is largely ___ the fact that it is chronically underfunded.

• because

• due to

• since

• as

Open Ended

The journey was quite quick because the road was clear.

$$\rightarrow$$ Because of ...

Fill in the Blank

Because or because of?

"He hated being in the army ___ he had to obey commands."

Open Ended

Because of having a good job, she always feels happy.

$$\rightarrow$$ Because ...

ALTHOUGH

ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH,
DESPITE, IN SPITE OF

Although/ Though/ even though + Clause (S + V)

Despite/ In spite of + V-ing/ N(phrase)/the fact that …

•Mary went to the carnival despite the rain.

•Mary went to the carnival in spite of the rain.

•Mary went to the carnival though/ although it rained.

Multiple Choice

They stopped playing football ___ the rain.

• despite

• although

• because

• because of

Multiple Choice

___ not being intelligent, she passed the exam.

• despite

• although

• because

• because of

Multiple Choice

___ the price is cheap, she insits on buying.

• despite

• although

• because

• because of

Multiple Choice

___ I was sick, I want to go out.

• despite

• although

• because

• because of

WHILE = WHEREAS = BUT

A C O N T R A S T B E T W E E N T W O F A C T S O R I D E A S : …

•You eat a huge plate of food for lunch, whereas I
have just a sandwich.

•While I fully understand your point of view, I also
have some sympathy with Michael’s.

•She's very hard-working but not very imaginative.

WHILE = ALTHOUGH

~~~~

WHILE = WHEN: DURING THE TIME THAT

•I read it while you were drying your hair.

•While I accept that he's not perfect in
many respects, I do actually like the man.

SO: INTRODUCE CLAUSES OF RESULT OR DECISION: …

So + clause (S + V)

I got here late. It was a long journey, so I’m really tired now.

Fill in the Blank

Because or so?

"___ my mother does not like crowded places, she rarely goes out."

Fill in the Blank

Because or so?

"He was tired, ___ he went home early."

Multiple Choice

I read it __ you were dying your hair.

• while

• when

• because

• although

AS

1. We use as when one event happens while another is in progress

(‘during the time that’). In this case the verb after is often in the
continuous form:

1.

They arrived as we were leaving. (time conjunction meaning ‘while’ or
‘when’)

2. We use as to connect a result with a cause:

1.

I went to bed at 9 pm as I had a plane to catch at 6 am. (reason and
result meaning ‘because’)

3. We also use as to mean ‘in the way that’:

1.

As the forecast predicted, the weather was dreadful for the whole of the
weekend.

2.

She arrived early, as I expected.

Multiple Choice

___ I accept that he is not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man.

• Because

• While

• When

• So

Multiple Choice

___ it was getting late, I decided to book into a hotel.

• As

• While

• Although

• So

Multiple Choice

Knowing him ___ I do, I can't believe he would do such a thing.

• as

• while

• when

• because

Multiple Choice

___ the gas explosion, several homes burned down.

• in spite of

• as

• while

• owing to

Multiple Choice

___ the free flow of gas, water could not put out the fire.

• due to

• because

• although

• as

SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT

SO THAT, IN ORDER THAT + S + V

S + V + SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT + S +
CAN/COULD/WILL/WOULD (NOT) + V.

SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT

I give you the

book so that you

can read it.

I give you the
book in order
that you can

read it.

PHRASES FOR EXPRESSING PURPOSE

To

For

So as to/ in order to

So that/ in order that

TO

I'm going to Ireland to visit my family.

I went to the post office to buy some stamps.

FOR

I'm going to Ireland for visiting
my family.

I went to the post office for
buying some stamps.

TO/ FOR

to + V (bare)

For + V-ing

SO AS TO/ IN ORDER TO

I'm going to

Ireland in order

to visit my

family.

I went to the

post office so as

to buy some

stamps.

I am leaving now so
as not to be late.

I am leaving now in
order not to be late.

S + V + IN ORDER/SO AS + (NOT) + TO + V ….

I STUDY HARD. I WANT TO PASS THE EXAM.

I study hard in order to / so as to /to pass the exam.

I study hard for passing the exam.

I STUDY

HARD. I DON’T
WANT TO FAIL

THE EXAM.

I study hard in order not
to fail the exam.

I study hard so as not to
/to fail the exam.

I study hard not to fail the
exam.

TO + V

= IN ORDER TO = SO AS TO + V

= IN ORDER THAT = SO THAT + CLAUSE

• I’ll go by car so that/ in order that I can take more

luggage.

• I’ll go by car to/so as to/ in order to take more luggage.

Multiple Choice

I work hard ___ pass the exam.

• so that

• so as to

• for

Multiple Choice

I worked hard ___ fail the test

• not to

• in order not to

• in order that

• for

Multiple Choice

She has to practice playing the guitar so much ___ have a good perfornmance.

• so

• so that

• for

• to

Multiple Choice

He opened the window ___ let fresh the air in.

• in order to

• because of

• for

• in order that

Multiple Choice

Choose correct answer

• So as not to feel cold, we all put on our coats.

• To not feel cold, we all put on our coats.

BOTH … AND …

Both (of) + N(plural)

• Both of these cakes are delicious.
• Linda invited both of us to her birthday party.

Both + N/Adj … + and + N/ Adj … + V(plural)

• Both Mom and Dad are busy.
• The book is both informative and interesting.

NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO

S + V + not only + N/Adj… + but also + N/Adj…

• Nam is not only handsome but also intelligent.

S + not only + V… + but also + V …

• I not only dance perfectly but also sing well.

Not only + V(auxiliary)/be + S + V …., but S + also + V ...

• Not only is she rich, but she is also kind.
• Not only do I dance perfectly, but I also sing well.

Multiple Choice

He is not only humorous ___ friendly.

• and

• nor

• but also

• but he also

Multiple Choice

He is handsome. He is intelligent.

• He is not only handsome but also is intelligent.

• He is not only handsome but also intelligent.

Multiple Choice

I don't like this book. It is ___ interesting ___ cheap.

• both-and

• either-or

• neither-nor

• not only - but also

Multiple Choice

She is ___ friendly ___ intelligent so I can't help admiring her.

• not only - but also

• either-or

• neither -nor

• but - and

Multiple Choice

John is poor. He has ___ house ___ money.

• not only - but also

• either-or

• neither -nor

• both-and

Multiple Choice

____ Linh ___ her sister like listening to pop music.

• not only - but also

• either-or

• neither -nor

• both-and

Multiple Choice

Who wrote you this love letter? - I am not sure. I think it was ___ Michael ___ Paul.

• not only - but also

• either-or

• neither -nor

• both-and

Open Ended

He can not only make people laugh, but also make them cry.

$$\rightarrow$$ Not only ____

Open Ended

She not only has been late four times but also has not done any work.

$$\rightarrow$$ Not only ...

Open Ended

Pneumonia is a dangerous dise

HARDLY … WHEN …

S + had + hardly/just/scarcely + V3/ed +
when + S + V2/ed

• He had hardly left the office when the phone rang.

S + had + no sooner + V3/ed + than + S +
V2/ed

• He had no sooner closed the door than somebody

knocked.

Multiple Choice

I put the phone down. It rang again.

• I had harly put the phone down when it rang again.

• It had hardly rung again when I put it down.

Fill in the Blank

The team has no sooner arrived there ___ their joy knew no bounds.

Hardly/Scarcely + had + S +
V3/ed + when + S + V2/ed

• Hardly had I closed my eyes when I

heard a loud noise.

No sooner + had + S +
V3/ed + than + S + V2/ed

• No sooner had she agreed to

marry him than she started to
have doubts.

Multiple Choice

As soon as she met her father, she started crying.

• Hardly she had met her father, she started crying.

• Hardly had she met her father, she started crying.

Multiple Choice

As soon as they arrived at their destinations, the rain poured down.

• They hardly had arrived at their destinations than the rain poured down.

• They had hardly arrived at their destinations, the rain poured down.

• They hardly had arrived at their destinations when the rain poured down.

• They had hardly arrived at their destinations when the rain poured down.

Fill in the Blank

____ had they arrived at their destinations when the rain poured down.

Multiple Choice

Hardly had I stood near the pool when I noticed the bubbles in the water.

• No sooner had I stood near the pool than I noticed the bubbles in the water.

• No sooner I had stood near the pool than I noticed the bubbles in the water.

• No sooner had I stood near the pool when I noticed the bubbles in the water.

• Scarcely had I stood near the pool than I noticed the bubbles in the water.

Open Ended

As soon as I arrived at the station, the train came.

$$\rightarrow$$ Hardly ...

Open Ended

As soon as he was free, he came home.

$$\rightarrow$$ No sooner ...

PROVIDED THAT

Provided (that)/ providing (that) = if, on condition that

• Providing that you lay the table, I will cook.
• He will pass the exam, provided that he studies harder.
• They may do whatever they like provided it is within the law.

IN CASE

In case

• In case I forget later, here are the keys to the garage.

Just in case

• I don’t think it will rain but I’ll take an umbrella just in

case. (just in case it rains)

In case of + N = if there is …

• In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as

possible.

Multiple Choice

___ she studies hard, she will pass her exams.

• Provided that

• Just in case

Multiple Choice

I am going now ___ you want me to stay.

• unless

• provided

Multiple Choice

___ they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.

• just in case

• provided that

• providing that

• unless

AS LONG AS/ SO LONG AS

We will be on time for
our lesson as long as you
hurry up.

Multiple Choice

You can borrow my car ___ you promise not to drive too fast.

• unless

• as long as

As long as

Anna's hair is as long as Linda's hair.

Jenny can wait here as long as it isn't rainny.

This project will be as long as one year.