classification 154

Taxonomy:
–the branch of biology concerned with
grouping and naming of organisms
–organisms are grouped into a series of categories
called taxa.

Section: What is Taxonomy?
Chapter 15.4 Notes

•Why is it done?—

determine the relationships between
organisms,

how similar or different they are.

provides a framework of logic and order

Section: What is Taxonomy?
Chapter 15.4 Notes

Classification? What it is?

use of similar characteristics to group objects or
organisms.

Aristotle’s system

Greek philosopher who developed the 1st method of
classification.
Two groups: plants & animals.

Plants—grouped by size & structure
Animals—grouped by location—i.e.: air land, water

How Classification Began

Linnaeus’system

Swedish botanist developed the method of
classification used today. .
Groups by physical characteristics that shows
the close relationships between organisms.

Latin to determine the scientific name

Why?
Latin is no longer used
Does not change

Can be used across languages

Section: Linnaean System of Classification

Multiple Choice

What Scientists were involved in the discovery of DNA?

• Watson & Crick

• Hooke

• Spallanzani

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What Scientists was credited with making of the microscope?

• Watson & Crick

• Hooke

• Leuwenhoek

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What Scientist actually made the first microscope?

• Watson & Crick

• Hooke

• Leuwenhoek

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What Scientist got credit for Natural selection theory?

• Watson & Crick

• Hooke

• Spallanzani

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What Scientist used red meat to refute spontaneous generation?

• Redi

• Virchow

• Spallanzani

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What scientist stated that all plants have cells?

• Schleidon

• Schwann

• Virchow

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What scientist stated that all animals have cells?

• Schleidon

• Schwann

• Virchow

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What scientist stated that all cells come from preexisting cells?

• Schleidon

• Schwann

• Virchow

• Darwin

Multiple Choice

What scientist used the swan necked flask to disprove spontaneous generation?

• Pasteur

• Redi

• Spallanzani

• Virchow

Latin Continued

Section: How Classification Began Cont

Example--what is this?

Known as a Pill Bug, Roly Poly,
Water bugs, Potato Bugs

•all of these are the same
organism---
•but they have different
common names.

Scientific Name is: Limnoria Iignprum

Same name across the world

What’s do you notice about how the scientific name
is written?

Section: How Classification Began Cont

2 words.

One is capitalized, the other is not.
Italycs.

Written in the form of Binomial Nomenclature

Scientific Name is: Limnoria Iignprum

•system by Linnaeus that gives each organism
two names
•Using Genus & Species.

Genus—group of closely related species
Species—group of closely related organisms

a group of interbreeding organisms that can produce
fertile offspring.

Example: Homo sapiens

Homo—Genus
sapiens--species

(note species is NEVER CAPITALIZED and if

typed—both genus & species should be in

italics.)

Section: How Classification Began Cont

Multiple Choice

Mrs. Fehr's Favorite animal is the manatee...what is the proper name for the Manatee?

• trichechus manatus

• Trichechus manatus

• Trichechus Manatus

• Trichechus manatus

Multiple Choice

Mrs. Fehr's Favorite animal is the manatee...Trichechus manatus

What is the Genus?

• trichechus

• manatus

Multiple Choice

Mrs. Fehr's Favorite animal is the manatee...Trichechus manatus

What is the Species?

• trichechus

• manatus

Taxa

Gypsy Moth

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Lepidoptera

Family

Lymantriidae

Genus

Lymantria

Species

dispar

Scientific Name: Lymantria dispar

​Trichechus manatus

Multiple Choice

For the Gypsy Moth, what is missing from the scientific naming?

• Domain

• Kingdom

Open Ended

In looking at the taxonomy list for Gypsy moth, can you tell me something you know about Class Insecta? (use your prior knowledge)

Taxa House Cat

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum

Chordata

Class

Mammalia

Order

Carnivora

Family

Felidae

Genus

Felis

Species

domesticus

Scientific Name: Felis domesticus

Multiple Choice

For the House Cat, What term is describing the fact that cats eat meat?

• Chordata

• Mammalia

• Carnivora

Multiple Choice

What domain would the House Cat be in?

• Eukarya

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

Taxa

Grey Wolf

Dog

Kingdom

Animalia

Animalia

Phylum

Chordata

Chordata

Class

Mammalia

Mammalia

Order

Carnivora

Carnivora

Family

Canidae

Canidae

Genus

Canis

Canis

Species

lupis

familiarus

Multiple Choice

Comparing Grey Wolf & Dog, at what level do these differ?

• Species

• Genus

• Family

Multiple Choice

Groups of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is the definition for what term.

• Species

• population

• community

Open Ended

What does this tell you about the ability to produce an offspring between a wolf and a dog?

Phylogenetic Tree:

diagram that shows the evolutionary
relationship of an organism.
Shows:

Homologous Structures:

Structures that evolve from a single ancestor

Convergent Evolution

Shows how organisms evolve to have the
same traits
Analogous Structures

Section: Classification & Evolution

Section: Phylogenetic Classification: A ModelCont

Center shows the

origin of life

Outer layer is present

day

Groups joined close together share
many characteristics.

(i.e.: mollusks, worms,
jellyfish and sponges are
•all invertebrates,
•primitive organ systems
•ETC

Comparing DNA
similarities to
determine
relationships
between
organisms.

Section: Molecular

Data as a

Taxonomic Tool

Multiple Choice

When did we discuss the DNA similarities?

• Evidence of Evolution

• We never talked about it.

Multiple Choice

Who is the closest relative to Macaca sylvanus?

• Cetus albifrons

• Macaca mulatta

Phylogeny—evolutionary history of a species.

Done by behavior similarities in structures,
developmental stages of animals,
biochemical similarities (i.e.: embryological
similarities, DNA or amino acid similarities….

sound familiar??),

Identifying Clades—
Cladistics

biological tool of classification that is based on
phylogeny.

Section: Closer look at Phylogenetic trees

Cladistic Analysis

• Focuses on Shared Traits (Implies shared ancestry)
• & Identification of Derived Traits (Implies divergence)

SHARED trait for LIZARDS,

PIGEONS, MICE, & CHIMPS

DERIVED trait that
evolved after BIRDS

Node: where divergence occurs

to cause speciation

Derived Characters:

unique features that unite the
organisms as a clade

House cat

lions

Seal

horse
lizard

Fusion of
wrist bones

Pointed
molars

Retractable
Claws

Multiple Choice

Who has retractable claws?

• horse

• lizard

• Seal

• House cat

Multiple Choice

Who does not have fused wrist bones?

• horse

• lizard

• Seal

• House cat

Living Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Living
Amphibians

Living
Fish

Egg laid on land

2 holes in
skull

Double eyelid

2 arms & 2 legs

Hair, Warm
Blooded

feathers, Warm
Blooded

Multiple Choice

Who has a double eyelid?

• Reptiles

• Bird

• Mammals

• Amphibians

Multiple Choice

Which plant group has vascular tissue?

• Flowering only

• Conifer Only

• Ferns Only

• All of these

•2-3 Kingdom Schemes

–Plant vs Animals
–Where to put the prokaryotes?

Section: Comparing Classification Schemes

Section: Comparing Classification Schemes

•5 Kingdom Scheme
•Originated by Robert Whittaker in 1969
•5 kingdom categories are accepted by most
scientists today due to phylogeny.

•Problem: Great Diversity in the Monerans

•Fungi
•Plants
•Animals

•Monerans
•Protists

Section: Comparing Classification Schemes

•3 Domains
–Eubacteria
–Archaebacteria
–Eukaryotes

Multiple Choice

what is the present accepted form of classification?

• 2 kingdoms system

• 5 kingdom system

• 3 domain system

Multiple Choice

Which domain are you in?

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

• Eukarya

Multiple Choice

Which domain of bacteria are you exposed to?

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

• Eukarya

Eubacteria

●unicellular,
●No organ systems.
●Prokaryotic

❖no membrane-bound organelles.

●Plasmid

❖distinct circular chromosome.

●Heterotrophs
●Autotrophs

❖photosynthetic and chemosynthetic

Examples:
Bacteria in gut,

E. coli

Archaebacteria

●Same characteristics as Eubacteria

●Anaerobic Species!!!
●But…3 different types

●Thermophiles

●Love HEAT

●Halophiles

●Salt Loves

●Methanogens

●Produce Methane

Examples:

Bacteria in hot springs,

Great Salt Lake

Geysers

Section: How the 5 kingdoms are

distinguished
Protista

●unicellular,
●Multicellular
●Eukaryotic

❖Have membrane-bound organelles.
❖The nucleus is clearly defined

●No Organ Systems
●Autotrophic

❖Photosynthesis

●Heterotrophic
Examples:

Amoeba

paramecium,

Algae

Euglena

Section: How the 5 kingdoms are

distinguished
Fungi

♣non-motile
♣No True Organ

Systems

♣Eukaryotic

♣Cell walls

♣Chitin
♣heterotrophs.
❖no photosynthesis.

♣Decomposers

❖They absorb their food

from a nonliving or living
source.

Examples:

Mold,
Yeast,

water molds

Section: How the 5 kingdoms are

distinguished

Plantae (Plants)

●Eukaryotic

❖has membrane-bound

organelles.

●Autotrophs

❖photosynthetic

●Has organ systems:

❖Roots, Stems, Leaves,

Zylem, Phloem

●Multicellular
●Non-Motile
●Cell Walls

❖Made of cellulose

Examples:

Mosses, ferns, grasses
shrubs, Angiosperms
flowering plants
gymnosperms trees

Section: How the 5 kingdoms are

distinguished

Animals

�multi-cellular
�eukaryotic.

❖

Distinct & True nucleus

�Heterotrophic
�True Organ Systems
�Motile

❖

at some point of animals life.

Examples:

Fish
Reptiles
Insects
Manatees
Jellyfish
Sea cucumber
sponge

Multiple Choice

Group of photosynthetic, multicellular, nonmotile organisms

• Plants

• Animals

• Fungi

• Protist

• Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

Multiple Choice

Single celled, heterotrophic, has organelles, motile

• Plants

• Animals

• Fungi

• Protist

• Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

Multiple Choice

Group of decomposers, multicellular, nonmotile organisms

• Plants

• Animals

• Fungi

• Protist

• Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

Multiple Choice

Group of heterotrophic, multicellular, motile organisms

• Plants

• Animals

• Fungi

• Protist

• Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

Multiple Choice

Single celled, autotrophic, has organelles, may be in fishtanks

• Plants

• Animals

• Fungi

• Protist

• Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

Multiple Choice

single celled organisms, do not have any organelles

• Plants

• Animals

• Fungi

• Protist

• Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

Dichotomous Key—

Another biological tool of

classification that is based on

phylogeny.

33

Dichotomous Keying

• Used to identify organisms
• Characteristics given in pairs
• Read both characteristics

and either go to another set
of characteristics OR
identify the organism

copyright cmassengale

34

Example of Dichotomous Key

•1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
•1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
•2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
•2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
•3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
•3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
•4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
•4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

copyright cmassengale