Gentics

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A Punnett square is a ​

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that allows you to easily determine the expected ​

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of different ​

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in the ​

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of two parents. An example of a Punnett square for pea plants is shown here. In this example, both parents are ​

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for flower color (Pp).

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In a broad sense, the term "genotype" refers to the ​

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of an organism; in other words, it describes an organism's ​

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. In a more narrow sense, the term can be used to refer to the ​

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, or variant forms of a ​

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, that are carried by an organism.

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The presence of ​

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at a particular ​

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. A ​

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genotype may include one ​

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and one mutated allele or two different mutated alleles (compound heterozygote).

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We all have two alleles, or versions, of each gene. Being ​

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for a particular gene means you inherited two identical versions. It's the opposite of a ​

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genotype, where the alleles are different. People who have recessive traits, like blue eyes or red hair, are always homozygous for that gene.

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A ​

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is a scoring of the type of variant present at a given location (i.e., a locus) in the genome. It can be represented by ​

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. For example, BB, Bb, bb could be used to represent a given variant in a gene.

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In the cross shown above, you can see that ​

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(25 percent) has the genotype PP, one out of four (25 percent) has the genotype pp, and ​

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(50 percent) have the genotype Pp. These percentages of genotypes are what you would expect in any cross between ​

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Of course, when just four offspring are produced, the actual percentages of genotypes may vary by chance from the expected percentages. However, if you considered hundreds of such crosses and thousands of offspring, you would get very close to the expected results, just like tossing a coin.

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​

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are always expressed when the connected allele is dominant, even if only one copy of the dominant trait exists. ​

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are expressed only if both the connected alleles are recessive.

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Scientific study of how traits are passed to offspring through genes

• Heredity

• Genetics

• Inheritance

• Allele

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one set of instructions for an inherited trait

• heredity

• allele

• trait

• gene

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Complex molecule that carries genetic information that defines an organism's traits. It is stored in the nucleus.

• DNA

• protein

• RNA

• glucose nucleic acid (GNA)

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Which of the following is the correct organization of genetic material from largest to smallest? 

• DNA→ genes → chromosomes→ nucleus 

• genes →DNA→ chromosomes → nucleus 

• nucleus→ chromosomes→ DNA → genes 

• chromosomes→ DNA→ nucleus→ genes

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What is a GENOTYPE?

• the genetic make-up of an organism

• the physical trait of an organism

• mitosis

• meiosis

Multiple Select

Which of the following are GENOTYPES? (select all correct answers)

• black hair

• homozygous dominant

• heterozygous

• blue eyes

• BB

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Which of the following are PHENOTYPES?

• green skin

• Aa

• homozygous recessive

• purple eyes

• black fur

Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents alleles for the homozygous dominant genotype?

• Aa

• aa

• AA

Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents alleles for the homozygous recessive genotype?

• Aa

• aa

• AA

Multiple Choice

Dominant alleles are represented by a:

• Male gene

• lowercase letter

• recessive trait

• capital letter

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What is the dominant trait here?

• Bb

• Recessive eyes

• Blue eyes

• Brown eyes

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What does a punnet square show us?

• The age of the offspring

• The chance of a genotype (trait) showing up in offspring

• Numbers

• Blue eyes

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Who is considered the "father of genetics"?

• Gregor Mendel

• Reginald Punnett

• James Watson

• Justin Bieber

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What plant did the scientist who discovered genetics use?

• Pea plants

• Soybean plants

• Pledge plant

• Kirkpatrick plant

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Heterozygous is when...

• the alleles are the same

• the alleles are different

• the alleles are absent

• the alleles are present

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PHENOTYPE is

• the genetic make-up of an organism

• the physical trait of an organism

• nucleic acid

• Aa

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Which of the following represents alleles for the homozygous recessive genotype?

• Aa

• aa

• AA

Multiple Choice

A calico cat shows both the traits for orange fur and black fur. What kind of allele expression is this?

• Incomplete Dominance

• Co dominance

Multiple Choice

A tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (SS) and a medium plant (TS) results. This is what type of inheritance pattern?

• Incomplete Dominance

• Codominance

Multiple Choice

If you cross a black chicken with a white chicken, only checkered chickens would be produced.  What kind of inheritance pattern does this follow?

• incomplete Dominance

• Co-Dominance

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In cattle red coats are represented as RR, and white coats are represented as WW.

What is the genotype for Roan color?

• RR

• RW

• WW

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What are the possible genotypes for this cross? And what percentage of each is produced? (if this isn't familiar, re-watch this week's videos!)

• TT = 25% Tt= 50% tt=25%

• all tall

• TT= 75% tt = 25%

• Tt = 100%

Multiple Choice

A heterozygous tall pea plant (Tt) is crossed with a short pea plant (tt).

Perform a punnett square cross and determine the Genotype & %. (if this isn't familiar, re-watch this week's videos!)

• 100% Tt

• 50% Tt, 50% tt

• 75%Tt, 25%tt

• 25%TT, 50%Tt, 25%tt

Multiple Choice

If you cross a white flower (pp) with a purple flower (PP), the possible genotypes of the offspring are

• PP and pp

• All Pp

• All PP

• All pp

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If you crossed a PP (purple) with a pp (white), what would the phenotypes be?

• all white

• all tall

• all purple

• 1/2 white, 1/2 purple

Multiple Choice

The offspring that result from cross breeding are called?

• phenotype

• genotype

• hybrid

• gene

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Different forms of a gene are called

• alleles

• traits

Multiple Choice

G = green, g = yellow
The genotype for a yellow plant is...

• GG

• Gg

• gg

• all of the choices result in yellow