ict7

Table of Content

Lesson 1: Introduction to ICT

• ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. This is the umbrella term for

technologies that are used to communicate various types of information. To understand ICT
better, we will explore the following key words: information, communication, and technology.
We’ll also discuss the importance of ICT in the modern world and see how technology has evolved
to aid in communication and the spread of information.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• show the importance of technology and ICT;
• observe the impact of ICT in society today; and
• predict how the future of ICT will look like.

Objectives

What is Information?

What is Communication?

What is technology?

Evolution of Technology

Pre-Mechanical
Age (3000 BCE -

1450 CE)

Mechanical Age

(1450 - 1840)

Electro-Mechan

ical Age

(1840-1940)

Electronic Age
(1940 - Present)

Why is ICT so important that we need to

study it?

ICT and Society

Here are some of the ways ICT can be a positive impact to our society:
• Communication and Collaboration
• Information Sharing
• E-learning

Some of the risks we can face when using technology
are the following:
• Overdependence on Technology.
• Decreased Activity and Social Interaction.
• Limited Access to Technology

Lesson 2: Computers

• In this lesson, we will explore the history of computers and find out how they came to be. We will

be focusing mainly on computers while studying ICT, so let’s get to know more about computers
and the world of computing.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• discover the history of computers;
• differentiate among the generations of computers; and
• illustrate the impact of modern day computers.

Objectives

Compared to what we have now, how

different were the computers of the past?

What do you think computers will look like

in

the future?

History of Computers

Early Computing

Devices

The first computing

machine is a far cry from
our modern computers. It
was a calculator from the
ancient times called the

abacus

1800s

a weaver named Joseph

Jacquard invented a

programmable loom which

used punched cards to

carry out tasks.

1830s

Charles Babbage designed
the first automatic digital
computer for general use.
It was called the Analytical

Engine.

The Evolution of Computers

The first generation saw computers being made with
vacuum tubes and magnetic drums.

First Generation

(1940 - 1956)

• Vacuum tubes made up a computer’s circuitry and magnetic drums were used for

memory.

• Some notable examples of first generation computers are ENIAC and UNIVAC made

by Mauchly and Eckert .

• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was the first successful digital

computer that used vacuum tube technology.

• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) which was the first commercial computer

to be used for business and other general purposes

The Evolution of Computers

The use of transistors in computing
hardware gave rise to second
generation computers.

Second

Generation
(1956 - 1963)
• Examples of second generation computers were the

IBM 1400 series, UNIVAC1108, and CDC 1604. IBM
(International Business Machines Corporation) and
CDC (Control Data Corporation) are technology
corporations that produce computing hardware.

The Evolution of Computers

Computers were built with integrated circuits (IC) or
microchips.

Third Generation

(1964 - 1971)

• An integrated circuit is made up of transistors and other electronic components

despite being very small.

• The IBM 370 series, Honeywell 6000 series, and CDC 7600 are some examples of

third generation computers. The Honeywell 6000 series was produced by
Honeywell, a company that produces technologies for many areas of business.

The Evolution of Computers

Microprocessors' and very large-scale integration (VLSI)
technology were prominent in this generation.

Fourth Generation

(1971 - 2010)

• VLSI refers to technology that uses integrated circuits where thousands of

transistors can be stored.

• a microprocessor is an electric component and a type of integrated circuit (IC) that

acts as the computer’s brain.

• Using microprocessors made computers significantly smaller, so many computers

from this generation were called microcomputers.

• Some examples of fourth generation computers are the IBM PC, CDC STAR-1000,

and PDP-11. One of the most notable examples is the IBM PC.

The Evolution of Computers

This generation is dominated by concepts such as Artificial
Intelligence (AI), the parallel processing method, and ultra
large-scale integration (ULSI) technology.

Fifth Generation

(Present and Future)

• VLSI refers to technology that uses integrated circuits where thousands of

transistors can be stored.

• a microprocessor is an electric component and a type of integrated circuit (IC) that

acts as the computer’s brain.

• Using microprocessors made computers significantly smaller, so many computers

from this generation were called microcomputers.

• Some examples of fourth generation computers are the IBM PC, CDC STAR-1000,

and PDP-11. One of the most notable examples is the IBM PC.

Lesson 3: Computers in Daily Life

• Have you ever wondered how computers do their jobs? How is it possible for computers to carry

out complicated tasks in a short amount of time and make our daily lives convenient? We learned
about the history of computers last lesson.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• understand how computers work;
• use the binary number system; and
• show how computers process data such as text, graphics, and sound

through binary.

Objectives

any computer is built with

the ability to perform four vital tasks:

• A computer can take input.

Input

• A computer can store information.

Storage

• A computer can process information.

Processing

• A computer can output information or certain results based on the input

Output

A computer is capable of these things and more,

but we’re left with one important question:

how exactly does it do these things?

About Computer

• computers always work with ones (1s) and zeroes (0s)
• Bit(binary information digit) is the smallest unit of information a

computer can work with.

• A computer can translate on or off to one (1) or zero (0), but it can

mean many things such as true or false, and yes or no.

• In order to understand why computers need to use ones and zeroes,

you need to understand the binary number system.

Understanding the Binary Number System

The decimal number system works on powers of ten

For decimals, we have the ones
position, tens position,
hundreds position, and so on.

Understanding the Binary Number System

while the binary number system works on powers of two.

For binary, we multiply by 2s
instead. So, we have the ones
position, twos position,
fours position, eights position,
and so on.

Data in Binary

If computers can use the binary number system to represent any number from
the decimal number system, how is it done? We know that many wires exist inside
of a computer. Remember that any form of information inside a computer can be
represented by wires that are on (1) or off (0). So, using one wire, we can get a bit
that stands for either a 0 or a 1. If we use more wires, we can represent more bits
which means more ones and zeroes. The more ones and zeroes there are, the
larger the number is or the more complex the data is that the computer can store
or process.

Numbers in Binary

If computers can use the binary number system to represent any number from
the decimal number system, how is it done? We know that many wires exist inside
of a computer. Remember that any form of information inside a computer can be
represented by wires that are on (1) or off (0). So, using one wire, we can get a bit
that stands for either a 0 or a 1. If we use more wires, we can represent more bits
which means more ones and zeroes. The more ones and zeroes there are, the
larger the number is or the more complex the data is that the computer can store
or process.

A collection of 8 bits is called a byte.
This number of bits is enough to store
data such as a single letter, a number,
or a symbol.

Text in Binary

Graphics in Binary

• Images are made up of very small

square called pixels.

• A pixel is the smallest element in a

raster image which is a virtual photo
that can appear on computers and
other devices such as cameras.

Sound in Binary

• Computers can actually “hear” sounds

by using vibrations to plot out
waveforms. A waveform can be a
graphical

• Representation of the shape or form a

sound takes. It is made up of points
that have their own equivalent values
in binary.

Lesson 4: Hardware and Software

• Every computer comes with parts that can help it accomplish its tasks. In this

lesson, we will talk about the most important parts of a computer: the hardware
and the software.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• identify the purpose of software and hardware;
• show how software and hardware interact; and
• give examples of the different types of hardware and software.

Objectives

Review

Input: Take input.
Storage: Store information.
Processing: Process information.
Output: Output information or results based on the input.

Hardware and Software

We have parts of the computer called the

hardware and the software working together

to finish these tasks, too.

The CPU, short for Central Processing Unit, is a computer’s main
processor or the chip that controls all parts of a computer.

•

Hardware consists of all the
physical parts of a computer system
that you can touch such as a
keyboard, a mouse, and a monitor.
The things you find inside a
computer like chips and hard drives
are part of the hardware, too.

Input devices

An input device is any device that can receive information from the user.
There are many types of input and almost as many input devices.
Keyboards and computer mice are some examples.

Output devices

An output device is any device which gives out result of the entered,
once it is process. Monitors, speakers, and printers are examples of
output devices.

Storage devices

A storage device is a type of hardware that can be used to store data.

• Primary storage refers to the RAM (random

access memory) or the computer’s short
term memory which can store data
temporarily.

• Secondary storage refers to devices that can

store data permanently.

• Optical storage devices
• Magnetic storage devices
• Solid-state storage devices or flash

memory device

Processing devices

A processing device is a type of
hardware that is capable of processing
data or information. It mainly handles
the storage and retrieval of data in a
computer system.
Examples of processing devices are
microprocessors, motherboards, sound
cards, and video cards.

Communications devices

Communications devices are
devices through which data is
transmitted from the sender (a
computer) to the receiver (another
computer). Common examples of
communication devices are
modems, routers, and hubs.

•

Software consists all the parts
of a computer that you
cannot touch or see is part of
the software. It pertains to
the code or the programs
running in a computer. It can
be applications, games, and
even web browsers.

Two different types of software

• System software: OS, Firmware, device drivers, translators, utility

software

• Application software: desktop applications, web browser

applications

Lesson 5: System Software

• From our previous lesson, we found out that there are two types of software

which are the system software and the application software. This time, we will
learn about the most well-known example of system software: the operating
system.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• understand what operating systems can do;
• show how operating systems work; and
• give examples of system software.

Objectives

Operating System (OS), allow us to use a

computer in a meaningful way.

Two Types of Software

• System software can run both the application softwaren and

the computer’s hardware as well as allow them to work
together.

• Application software refers to the programs that are designed

to accomplish certain tasks.
• An example of this is a word processing software like

Microsoft Word which lets us create, edit, and save virtual
documents.

• Another example is a web browser like Google Chome made

for surfing the Internet

The OS …

• is responsible for managing the different types of

hardware and software in a computer system. It is a type
of system software that allows us to run the application
programs.

• also acts as a bridge between us users and the hardware.

Most of the time, we use the hardware to interact with a
computer or make it do something. The OS makes that
happen for us.

Operating System and Its Functions

Did you know that the OS is also the

first software that starts up the moment

you turn on a computer?

Here are some important tasks that it does to help facilitate our interaction with a computer:

Process Management

• The OS handles computer processes and works with the CPU. It can select which

processes to assign to the CPU as well as remove running processes to make room
for the next processes that need to be executed. Through these processes,
computers can perform the tasks we want them to do. The job of the OS is to
manage these processes efficiently.

File Management

• The OS can allocate or deallocate resources and manage computer files. It

remembers where we put our files, when files are created or modified, what the
characteristics and extensions of the files are, and other relevant information.

Memory Management

• The OS keeps track of what goes on in the main memory which RAM is a part of. It

can monitor what’s being put in the main memory, allocate memory for the use of
computer processes that are currently running, and deallocate memory when the
data is no longer needed by any process or program.

Secondary Storage Management

• The OS offers storage for volatile (non-permanent) and non-volatile (permanent)

data. It can check for free space, accommodate new files, and assign files to the
computer’s memory.

Device Management

• The OS remembers the devices we use or connect to the computer. It manages all

the hardware that falls under this category and manages their corresponding
drivers. A driver refers to a type of software that can tell the hardware what to
do.

Security Management

• The OS protects us from viruses and other cyberattacks by

allowing users to set up passwords, enforcing security measures,
and blocking unauthorized access to programs and other data.

Types of Operating Systems

For computers, the most common operating systems are Windows and

macOS. For mobile devices, iOS and Android are mainly used.

Microsoft Windows

• Windows was founded by Microsoft in

the 1980s.

• The operating system went through a lot

of changes over the years as it
transitioned from Windows 1.0 in 1985
to, more recently, Windows 11 in 2021.

Apple’s macOS and iOS

• Apple released the first macOS

(previously: OS X) for computers in the
early 2000s

• Apple also created an operating system

for mobile devices called the iOS which is
one of the most popular mobile
operating systems in the world. It was
first released along with the original
iPhone in 2007.

Android OS

• Android OS was created by a group called Open Handset Alliance (OHS) before it

was bought by Google. It was officially introduced in 2007 but it made its debut
along with Android 1.0 in 2008. So far, there are at least 18 versions of Android
today as the OS continues to develop in each iteration.

Lesson 6: Application Software

• After learning all about system software and operating systems, let’s get to know

the other type of software: application software. This lesson explains what
applications can do, what their different types are, and what examples are
available to us either through computers or mobile devices.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• show an understanding of application software;
• classify different types of application software; and
• list examples of application software you have encountered.

Objectives

Application software, also known as

application or app, is a type of computer
program that can carry out specific tasks.

Word Processing Software

We can use a word processor for

creating, editing, saving, and printing

document files. It also allows us to

style text, edit document layouts, and

use grammar and spelling checkers.

Some examples of

powerful word processors are

Microsoft Word and Google Docs.

Presentation Software

This is used for making presentations

to showcase ideas and other

information.

Microsoft PowerPoint and

Google Slides are popular examples

of presentation software.

Spreadsheet Software

Spreadsheet software that can store

data in cells and perform

computations. It is mainly used for

storing, organizing, and analyzing data

in tabular format or in the form of a

table which consists of rows and

columns.

any use spreadsheet software

programs such as Microsoft Excel and

Google Sheets for their tabulating

needs.

Multimedia Software

You can use it to add

text, edit images and videos, and

manipulate other types of

multimedia. In general, multimedia

software lets us combine audio,

graphics, and text to create a

satisfying output, such as a film or a

music video

Examples of this are Windows 10

Video Editor, OpenShot, and Filmora.

Graphics Software

We can mainly use it for creating and

editing image files. If we want to

make an illustration, poster, or

infographic, this is the

perfect type of software for the job.

A few, well-known examples of

graphics software

are Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft

Paint, and GIMP.

Web Browsers

We can use it to research and visit

websites depending on our needs and

preferences.

Some commonly-used web

browsers are Google Chrome,

Microsoft Edge, Opera, and Mozilla

Firefox.

Simulation Software

This software is meant to simulate

real life operations for learning. It is

especially useful for teaching children
and adults alike how to do things they

cannot easily do in real life.

Simulink and Logisim are examples

of simulation software.

Database Software

This is used for creating, storing,

maintaining, and updating databases
in a computer. It allows us to make a
safe and organized environment for

data.

Famous examples of database
software are MySQL, Microsoft

Access, and Oracle Database.

Security Software

Security software is essential for

protecting computers, networks, and
mobile devices from being affected by

viruses that spread online and other

security risks.

Well- known examples of security
software are Avast, Kapersky, and

Bitdefender antivirus programs.

Others

• Educational software are meant to educate ad inform but they can also be

made in game format to help younger audiences have fun as they learn new
things.

• Entertainment software focuses on providing entertainment for users.

Mobile Applications

Lesson 7: Working With Software

• This lesson aims to teach us about the types of applications we can download and

some safety measures we should follow before installing application software.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• identify the types of software based on availability and licensing;
• apply safety guidelines when downloading applications online; and
• demonstrate how to install application software.

Objectives

In terms of licensing, software can be freeware or shareware,

but if we are talking about accessibility, software can be

open-source or closed-source.

Freeware

• refers to software

that are available to
users for free.
Freeware often does
not allow the same
freedom because
they are licensed, so
developers can
choose not to share
the source code or
allow their software
to be modified.

Shareware

• is a type of software

that is only free for a
limited amount of
time. After a certain
time period, users
will have to pay if
they want to keep
using the program.

Open-source

• Anyone who owns

open-source
software has access
to the source code
and the freedom to
modify it.

Closed-source

• also known as

propriety software, is
what many
application software
fall under. For this
type of software, the
source code is
considered an
intellectual property,
which means that it
is legally owned and
protected by the
ones who made the
software.

Application Software Installation

Staying Safe Online

Only download from reputable websites.

• you can do a quick search to check if the website can be trusted.

Double-check the file extension of your download.

• If the file extension of the download is different from what you were expecting, there is a

chance that it cannot be trusted.

Always check the URL of the website you are downloading from.

• you should take note of is the top-level domain (TLD). (.com, ph,.gov)

Always check the website’s SSL certificate.

• Websites that have SSL certificates should have HTTPS in their URLs. A padlock icon should also

precede the URL itself, indicating a secure website.

Installing Computer Applications

1. Open a web browser. In the search engine or search bar, type the name of the

software you want to download.

2. After searching for the software you want to download, find its official website

and go there. This is usually the first result and the safest option, but a bit of
research won’t hurt to make sure you are in the right place.

3. Once you have found the correct website, navigate to the downloads section

or the page where you can install the software. Then, click the button that
starts the download.

4. Once the download is finished, locate the software and run it to start the

installation. The installer should pop up. In most cases, this is a dialog box.

5. Read through the instructions before proceeding to the installation.

Installing Mobile Applications

1. If you want to download applications on a smartphone, simply go to Google

Play.

2. Doing this should lead you to a list of applications you can choose from.
3. Select one and click on the ‘Install’ or download button.
4. Wait for the installation to finish and you should easily be able to use the

application afterwards.

Lesson 8: Multimedia

• In this lesson, we will tackle the different types of multimedia and entertainment

software available to us through computer systems and mobile devices.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• understand what multimedia is;
• identify the elements of multimedia; and
• distinguish the different types of media files and multimedia software.

Objectives

Multimedia is defined as a form of communication that is made up of more than one
type of media.

It can be a combination of text, images, audio, and video that is often presented in an
entertaining way.

The main elements of multimedia are the following:

Text

•This refers to anything

written or typed out to
communicate
information that other
people can read.

Graphics

•refers to visual images

or pictures that
communicate an idea, a
message, or a thought
through visual
representation.

Audio

•refers to songs,

recordings, music, and
other files that can
store or produce sound.

Video

•representations of

moving images that are
usually, but not always,
accompanied by audio.

Animation

•a moving sequence of

frames that is made up
of art or illustrations,
either done by hand or
generated by a
computer.

Media files are virtual files that can be opened and modified by specific computer
programs. These are the documents, images, audio, and videos in any computer.

Image:.JPG (or .JPEG), .PNG, .GIF, .BMP, .TIFF
Audio: .MP3, .WAV, .FLAC, .AAC, .OGG
Video: .MP4, .AVI, .MOV, .WMV, .FLV

Exploring Multimedia: Multimedia Editors

• Photo editors

are used to create, open, and edit image files. It has tools for positioning, cropping,

enhancing, and adding special visual effects to photos that professionals or
photographers can use to touch up their works. Examples of photo editors are Adobe
Photoshop, Canva, Paint.NET, and GIMP.

• Video editors

can modify and enhance videos, especially live-action recordings or raw camera

footage. A video editor can perform tasks like improving the footage, cutting out the
unimportant parts of recordings, and adding sounds and special effects before
producing the video content. Movavi, and Openshot are examples of video editors
for computers. KineMaster, iMovie, and PowerDirector are for mobile devices.

Exploring Multimedia: Multimedia Editors

• Audio editors

are made to do similar tasks, but with audio files instead. An audio editor can

create and edit audio recordings, add special sound effects or computer generated
sounds, and allow users to modify different sound options to improve their
audio files. Examples of audio editors are Audacity for computers and BandLab for
mobile devices.

Media Players

• listen to music and audio recordings;
• watch videos and animations;
• play discs containing media files like audio and video; and
• download music, videos, and other media content online

VLC media player, iTunes, Winamp, and
Windows Media Player. Mobile devices also
have VLC for mobile, MX Player, and
PlayerXtreme.

Animation Software

allow people to arrange images in a
sequence of frames to create motion. Some
great examples of animation software are
Adobe After Effects, Pencil2D, and Blender.

Presentation Software

is also considered to be a type of
multimedia software due to how it
can integrate text, images, and even
video and audio clips when users
create presentations.

Lesson 9: Computer Ergonomics

• This lesson introduces good computer habits and practices to develop when

interacting with computers. It discusses basic computer ergonomics, proper
keyboarding, and useful keyboard shortcuts.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• learn how to reduce or prevent the negative effects of using

computers;

• demonstrate an understanding of proper keyboarding and good

computer habits; and

• identify different keyboard shortcuts for computers.

Objectives

Computer ergonomics

refers to the study of people’s efficiency when working or interacting with

computers.

Basic Ergonomics and
Keyboarding

Adjust your workspace
to fit you.

Keep track of how long
you use a computer.

Practice proper keyboarding.

One of the most important skills you develop
through keyboarding is typing without looking
at the keyboard. This is called touch- typing.

To type with good speed and accuracy, the first thing you need to take
note of is your finger placement. The fingers on your left hand should be
positioned over the A, S, D, and F keys, while the fingers on your right
hand should be on the J, K, L, and semicolon (;) keys.

Desktop
Shortcuts

Web Browser
Shortcuts

Web Browser
Shortcuts

Common
Program
Shortcuts

Lesson 10: Personal Computing

• For the past lessons, we have been studying what computers are, what they can

do, and how we can use them properly. This time, let’s return to the concept of
computing. This lesson discusses the different types of personal computers and
tips for computers for personal use.

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• understand the concept of personal computing;
• identify the different types of personal computers; and
• demonstrate how to assess and choose the right computer for your

needs.

Objectives

Personal computers are made to be used by one person at a time. There are
different types to choose from: desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones,
and workstations.

Notebook computers, also known as laptops, are lightweight, portable computing
devices that can be used by anyone on the go. The term ‘laptop’ came from the fact
that people can put this computer type on their lap.

A workstation is like a desktop computer, but with far superior capabilities and
performance. It refers to a designated work area that can accommodate a high-
performance computer system made up of multiple displays, different output and
input devices, and other powerful hardware that can take on more work than a
Desktop computer.

A tablet computer or tablet is
another portable computing device
intended for individual use. The main
difference between tablets and
smartphones is that tablets feature
bigger screens.

Computer Assessment

How do we find the right computer for
us? There are many ways to choose and
assess computers. First, we need to
answer the following questions:

1.

What type of computer do you
need?

2.

What will you use it for?

3.

What is your budget?

To conclude, here are some tips you can follow to prepare you for selecting your
own computer:

1.

Consult an expert.

2.

Do your research.

3.

Save up.

Thank you!