Early Cultures /Eastern Woodlands People Gr. 5 Ch. 1/2 combo

Early Cultures & Native Americans of the Woodlands

Chapter 2
Social Studies 5
Mr. Honeywell
(Combination Chapter 1/2- Condensed)

Thousands of years ago, Earth went through periods of extreme cold called the Ice Ages. During the Ice Ages, much of Earth's water was frozen into huge ice sheets called glaciers. So much of Earth's water froze into glaciers that the ocean levels lowered and some land that had once been covered in water appeared. Some of this land connected areas once separated by water.

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​The First Americans

Multiple Choice

What was the time period called on Earth when much the Earth was covered by large glaciers.

• Ice Time

• Cold Era

• Ice Age

• Freezing Age

Multiple Choice

Large sheets of ice that covered much of the Earth during the Ice Age are called ____.

• icicles

• ice bergs

• glaciers

• snow bands

Multiple Choice

When much of the Earth's water became trapped in the ice, what happened to the levels of the ocean?

• Ocean levels increased (went up)

• Ocean levels decreased (went down)

• Ocean levels stayed the same.

Hunters and animals walked across these "land bridges" where large bodies of water are found today. One of these land bridges is called Beringia. Scientists believe that some people crossed Beringia from Asia and arrived in the Americas. Some people may also have come by boat as they floated close to the coast. Others may have also come to North America along a North Atlantic route.

Over thousands of years, these hunter-gatherers migrated to different parts of North America and South America. Hunter-gatherers were people who survived by hunting animals and gathering plants, berries, nuts, and roots from the wild.

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​The First Americans

Multiple Choice

What was "Beringia?"

• land that was once above the ocean that now is beneath the ocean.

• A place where early people shopped for groceries.

• An animal that was hunted by early people,

• The name of the ocean that once existed during the Ice Age.

Multiple Choice

From which continent do scientists believe early people crossed Beringia?

• Africa

• Asia

• South America

• Antarctica

Multiple Choice

Another possibility of how early people came here was by _____.

• small boats

• alien spacecraft

• flying airplanes

• trains

Multiple Choice

How did the earliest people who came over the land bridge of Beringia survive?

• shopped for food

• traded for food

• farmed

• hunted and gathered their food

Prehistory is a time before people wrote down or recorded information. So how do we know about the earliest Americans and how they arrived here?

Archaeologists are scientists who study people of past cultures to learn about the past. They do this by finding and studying ancient artifacts. Artifacts are items that are made by people of the past that are left behind. Artifacts can tell us a great deal about where the first Americans may have come from and how they lived.

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​How Do We Know?

Multiple Choice

A time before people wrote things down is called _____.

• history

• post-history

• prehistory

• prewriting

Multiple Choice

Archaeologists study ______ in order to learn about people of the past.

• dinosaur bones

• old people who are still alive

• video games

• artifacts

Multiple Choice

Which of these items is not an artifact?

• prehistoric stone arrowheads

• necklace from Ancient Egypt

• stone axe

The first settlers in the Americas survived by hunting animals and gathering plants that grew in the wild. Some early settlers hunted animals called mastodons (mammoth), which were Ice Age animals that looked like elephants with long, curved tusks and thick, shaggy hair. They no longer exist on Earth.

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Hunter-Gatherers

Multiple Choice

What animal were the early people who came into America following?

• fish

• rabbits

• squirrels

• mastodons

Multiple Choice

Mastodons looked much like ____, but they had larger tusks and shaggy hair.

• walruses

• rhinoceros

• deer

• elephants

Multiple Choice

What was another way early people got the food they needed for survival besides hunting?

• shopping

• stealing

• gathering plants

• baking

By about 10,000 B.C. (12,000 years ago), the glaciers of the Ice Age began to melt as the Earth warmed. This caused the oceans to rise again and the land bridges were again under the ocean. Asia and North America were separated again and hunter-gatherers in the Americas could not return to Asia. Many began to settle in one area as wild plants were more available.
Discoveries in South America and central Mexico show that people started to plant seeds there as early as 7,000 B.C. (9,000 years ago) This area had a very warm climate and was rich in natural resources. Many larger animals had been hunted out, leaving only smaller animals. For food, the first farmers grew corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, and sunflowers.
These first farmers began the first civilizations in the Americas. A civilization is a kind of culture that has systems of government, education, and religion.

These early civilizations were America's first people- Native Americans.

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The Earliest Farmers

Multiple Choice

Which food was not grown by the earliest Americans?

• corn

• beans

• squash

• bacon

Multiple Choice

What did hunter-gatherers eventually begin to do when the climate warmed and large animals were not available?

• leave for the Moon

• grow their own food

• steal food from each other

• buy their food at Walmart

Multiple Choice

An organized culture that has education, religion, and government (leaders) is a(n) _____

• hunter-gatherer society

• civilization

• recreation

• association

Native Americans of the Woodlands

Big Question:
How did the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) bring peace to their people? ​

The land east of the Mississippi River was once almost completely covered in forests. This area was home to many groups of Native Americans. The languages spoken by the Native Americans of these Eastern Woodlands belonged to one of two groups. The larger one was Algonkian. The other group was Iroquoian.

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Background

Multiple Choice

The Eastern Woodlands region of the U.S. is mostly covered by _____.

• ocean water

• glaciers

• grasslands

• forests

The Eastern Woodlands is a huge area. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Florida. Its forests, lakes, rivers, and the Atlantic Ocean provide many natural resources for the many different people who live there.

In the forests were many kinds of animals to hunt for food. Forests also provided wood for building homes and canoes. Many wild plants and berries could be eaten or used for medicine. The soil of the coastal plains and river valleys was ideal for farming. Its bodies of water were filled with fish, shellfish, and sea animals.

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A Rich Environment

Multiple Choice

The central idea of the previous slide is _______.

• the Eastern Woodlands region is big

• the Eastern Woodlands region has many lakes and rivers.

• the Eastern Woodland region is large and filled with natural resources.

• the Eastern Woodlands region has many plants that can be eaten and used for medicines.

Multiple Choice

The Eastern Woodlands region stretches from the Atlantic Coast in the east to the ______ River in the west.

• St. Lawrence

• Ohio

• Oswegatchie

• Mississippi

The Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands were mostly farmers who lived in permanent villages. They hunted also for their meat. Many Woodland people built wigwams. Wigwams were homes with bent sapling frames. They were covered with cattail mats or elm bark. Many people fished and traveled far in canoes made of birchbark.

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The Wigwam

Multiple Choice

Many Woodland people lived in homes called _____.

• igloos

• tepees

• huts

• wigwams

Multiple Choice

Most people of the Eastern Woodlands got their food from ______.

• hunting and gathering

• shopping

• hunting and farming

• gathering and begging

Multiple Choice

The canoes of the Eastern Woodland people were made from burned out logs covered by _____.

• plastic wrap

• saplings

• birch bark

• animal skins

Today we know the Haudenosaunee as the Iroquois because they spoke the Iroquoian language. The Haudenosaunee lived mainly in what is now New York State. They included 5 groups, the Seneca, the Cayuga, the Onondaga, the Oneida, and the Mohawk.

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​The Haudenosaunee

Multiple Choice

What language did the Iroquois speak many years ago?

• Algonkian

• English

• French

• Iroquoian

Multiple Choice

Which was NOT an Iroquois group?

• Mohawk

• Seneca

• Oneida

• Algonkian

Multiple Choice

Which U.S. state did most of the Iroquois people live in?

• Florida

• Montana

• Virginia

• New York

Haudenosaunee means "people of the longhouse" in Iroquoian language. Longhouses are long buildings made of poles covered with sheets of bark. Each longhouse held several families.

"The People of the Longhouse"

Multiple Choice

What does the name "Haudenosaunee" mean?

• People of the Night

• People of the Snake World

• People of the Wigwams

• People of the Longhouse

Multiple Choice

Longhouses were different than wigwams because they were ______.

• larger and held multiple families

• smaller and covered in elm bark

• the same size but covered with animal skins

• made of saplings only

What do you see in these images?

Inside the Longhouse

Multiple Choice

Where were the fires located in a longhouse?

• down the center corridor

• in the bed areas

• hanging from the upper rooftop

• on the sides of the longhouse

Multiple Choice

Roofs had holes cut out to ______.

• allow children to escape

• allow cold air in during winter

• allow smoke to exit the longhouse

• allow birds in to feed

The Haudenosaunee made fine beadwork called wampum. Wampum was a belt or string of small polished beads made from shells and strung or woven together. Wampum was used in ceremonies, to seal agreements, or as a gift. Wampum was very time-consuming to make, but very valuable to the people.

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Wampum

Multiple Choice

Wampum was made from _____.

• tree bark

• saplings

• seaweed

• sea shells

Multiple Choice

Wampum could be used _____.

• as a gift

• during special ceremonies

• to finalize a deal

• All choices are correct.

During the 1500s the Haudenosaunee lands were connected. One route, the Haudenosaunee Trail, connected the main village of all 5 Iroquois groups.

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The Haudenosaunee Trail

Multiple Choice

What was the trail that connected the 5 major groups of the Iroquois?

• The Longhouse Trail

• The Haudenosaunee Trail

• The Genesee Trail

• The Iroquois Road

Haudenosaunee women were the leaders of their clans. A clan is a group of families that share a common ancestor. Clans controlled the land. Women also were in charge of the longhouses. After marriage, a husband would move into his wife's longhouse and lived with her family.
For all important decisions clan mothers had to give their approval.

The clan mothers also chose the village leaders who were men. If the men who were chosen to be leaders did not do their jobs well, then the clan mothers could get rid of the leader.

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​Clan Mothers

Multiple Choice

Groups of family members that could trace their ancestors back together to one female ancestor were called ____.

• clans

• tribes

• gangs

• villages

Multiple Choice

In an Iroquois clan, all people in that clan could trace their ancestors back to one ____.

• man

• woman

• wolf

• longhouse

Multiple Choice

True or False

When an Iroquois man and woman were married, the woman became part of her husband's clan.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the statements is true about clan mothers?

• All important decisions made by the chiefs had to get the clan mothers' approval.

• Clan mothers chose the men to become village leaders.

• Clan mothers could remove leaders who were not doing their job as chief.

• All of these choices are correct.

The Haudenosaunee mainly cooperated with each other until around 1300 when their numbers began to grow. Then fighting began, often over hunting grounds. There was great sadness and loss of life. This war and conflict ended when two leaders came up with a bold idea. These leaders were Deganawida and Hiawatha. Around 1452 Hiawatha and Deganawida spoke to all Haudenosaunee groups to convince them to join the Iroquois Confederacy. A confederacy is a large of people who join together for strength or peace. The Iroquois created an organized government with the goal of maintaining peace among the 5 groups, or nations. In 1722 they became the 6 Nations when the Tuscarora joined the Confederacy.

The Iroquois Confederacy still remains to this day.

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​The Iroquois Confederacy

Multiple Choice

Why are Hiawatha and Deganawida remembered as heroes for by the Iroquois people?

• They were the greatest warriors in their history.

• They were able to break the Iroquois Confederacy apart.

• They were able to get the 5 warring groups of the Iroquois to join the new confederacy.

• None of these choices is correct.

Multiple Choice

Why did Iroquois groups fight about in earlier years?

• hunting grounds

• stolen food

• bad weather

• None of these choices is correct.

Multiple Choice

A large group of people that join together for strength and peace is a _____.

• state

• village

• confederacy

• empire

Multiple Choice

True or False

The Iroquois Confederacy only lasted a short time.

• True

• False