Study Guide

A Erlenmeyer is used for heating liquids, as well as to measure and hold them.

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Erlenmeyer

​CER

CER stands for "Claim-Evidence-Reasoning" and is a technique that is incredibly useful when thinking and writing scientifically.

Subjective; based on perception.

​Inferences

Objective; based on senses.

Observation

Making Observations

Bromine is a chemical element that is a dark-reddish, fuming, toxic liquid at room temperature. It is a member of the halogen family and has the symbol Br and atomic number 35. Bromine is known for its sharp and pungent smell. It is used in various industries and is obtained from natural brines and ocean water.

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Bromine

A Mortar and Pestle is used for grinding up solids into powders.

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​Mortar and Pestle

A polar bond is formed when two atoms have close but not the same electronegativity values, resulting in a polar covalent bond.
EX: hydrogen and chlorine form a polar covalent bond due to their different electronegativity values.

​Nonpolar:

A nonpolar bond is formed when two atoms have the same electronegativity values, resulting in a pure covalent bond.
EX: two hydrogen atoms form a nonpolar bond.

​Polar:

​Polar and Nonpolar

Dry ice colloquially means the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is commonly used for temporary refrigeration as CO₂ does not have a liquid state at normal atmospheric pressure and sublimes directly from the solid state to the gas state.

​Dry ice

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and they are small organic molecules that consist of an alpha (central) carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain.

​Amino Acids

​When water freezes into ice, the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes the molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density of ice compared to liquid water. This is due to the crystal lattice structure of ice, where the molecules arrange themselves in a rigid, ordered fashion and end up being, on average, farther apart from each other than they are in the liquid phase. As a result, ice is less dense than water, which is why ice floats on water. This property is unique to water, as most other substances are denser in their solid form than in their liquid form.

chemical element of the alkali metal group (Group 1) of the periodic table. Sodium is a very soft silvery-white metal. Sodium is the most common alkali metal and the sixth most abundant element on Earth, comprising 2.8 percent of Earth's crust. Sodium is most likely to form a compound with bromine. Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr

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​Sodium

​Sodium Bromide: