Domain 5: Module 23 PPT

Thinking About Psychology:
The Science of Mind and Behavior 4e

Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst

Lecture Slides

by Kent Korek - Germantown High School

BFW Publishers, © 2019

• Explore how we

process and use
information to
solve problems.

Major Concepts

• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
• Automatic processing
• Effortful processing
• Rehearsal
• Hermann Ebbinghaus

• Serial position effect
• Semantic encoding
• Acoustic encoding
• Visual encoding
• Mnemonic devices
• Chunking

Encoding is the process of getting information
into the memory system

Encoding

Storage is the retention of encoded information in memory over time

Storage

Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage

Retrieval

Automatic processing is the
unconscious and effortless process of encoding information such as space, time, and frequency

Automatic Processing

Effortful processing is encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

• The best processing is through rehearsal or practice

Effortful Processing

Rehearsal is the conscious repetition of information

• The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember

Rehearsal

Hermann Ebbinghaus was a
German philosopher who did
pioneering memory studies

• Developed the forgetting curve also called the “retention curve” or
“Ebbinghaus curve”

Hermann Ebbinghaus

• Continuing to rehearse even after the information has been memorized

• Rehearsing past the point of mastery
• Helps ensure information will be available even under stress

Overlearning

Serial position effect is the
tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily

• Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the
beginning of a list

• Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the
end of a list

Serial Position Effect

• Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by periods of time

• Usually enhances the recalling of the information

Distributed Rehearsal

• Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming)

• Not as effective as distributed rehearsal

Massed Rehearsal

• The tendency for distributed
practice to yield
better retention
than is achieved
through massed
practice

Spacing Effect

Semantic encoding is encoding the meaning
• Encoding information that is meaningful enhanced recall

Semantic Encoding

• Encoding information based on the sounds of the information

Acoustic Encoding

• Encoding information based on the images of the information

Visual Encoding

• Enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant

• Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life

Self-Reference Effect

• Visual images easily encode
• Especially extremely positive or negative images

Encoding Imagery

Mnemonic device is a memory
trick or technique
• “Every good boy does fine” to remember the notes on the
lines of the scale

• “People say you could have odd lots of good years” as a way to remember how to spell
“psychology”

Mnemonic Device

• Mnemonic device in which you associate items
you want to remember with imaginary places

Method of Loci

• Mnemonic device in which you associate items
you want to remember with a list of words you
have already memorized

• Goal is to visualize the items to remember with
the items on the page

Peg-Word System

Chunking is organizing information into meaningful
units

• More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks

• A means to keep more items in short-term memory

Chunking

Chunking is organizing information into meaningful
units

• More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks

• A means to keep more items in short-term memory

Chunking

• Rehearse
• Overlearn
• Overcome the serial position effect
• Benefits from spacing effect
• Take advantage of the self-reference effect
• Use mnemonic devices
• Chunk material or arrange it in a hierarchy

Tips for Becoming a Better Encoder

Multiple Choice

In terms of memory what is retrieval?

• Storing new information in memory
• Accessing stored information from memory
• Forgetting previously learned information
• Ignoring information in memory

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between Automatic and Effortful Processing?

• Automatic processing requires minimal effort and attention, while effortful processing requires conscious effort and attention.
• Automatic processing is slower than effortful processing.
• Automatic processing and effortful processing are the same thing.
• Automatic processing requires more effort and attention, while effortful processing requires minimal effort and attention.

Multiple Select

What were the three examples of mnemonics discussed?

• Peg-Word

• Chunking

• Method of Loci

• Mere-Exposure Effect

Multiple Choice

Which of these is an example of the Self-Reference Effect?

• Learning a new language
• Recalling personal experiences or memories
• Recalling facts about historical events
• Reading a novel

Major Concepts

• Sensory memory
• Short term memory
• Working memory
• Long term memory
• Flashbulb memory
• Long term potentiation

• Explicit memory
• Implicit memory

• Three distinct storage systems:
• Sensory memory
• Short-term memory (includes working memory)
• Long-term memory

Three Storage Systems

Sensory memory is brief, initial encoding of sensory information in the memory system
• Iconic store – visual information
• Echoic store – sound information

• Information held just long enough to make a decision of its importance

Sensory Memory

Short term/working memory is the part of your
memory system that contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored more
permanently or forgotten

Short Term/Working Memory

• Holds approximately seven, plus or minus two, chunks of
information

• Also called “working memory”

Long-term memory is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

• Holds memories without conscious
effort

Long-Term Memory

Flashbulb memory is a
vivid, clear memory of
an emotionally significant moment or event

• Can be personal memories or centered
around a shared event

Flashbulb Memory

Long-term potentiation is an increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency that occurs when the sequence of neurons that represents a particular memory fires repeatedly; believed to be the
neural basis of learning and memory

Long-Term Potentiation

Explicit memory is the memory of facts and experiences

• Processed through the hippocampus

Explicit Memory

Implicit memory is the memory of skills and practices

• Processed through the cerebellum

Implicit Memory

• Damage to the hippocampus would result in the inability to form new explicit memories, but the ability to remember the skills of implicit memories

Memory and the Hippocampus

• Implicit memories are processed in the cerebellum

Memory and the Cerebellum

Multiple Choice

What is a flash-bulb memory?

• A type of camera flash that produces a bright light for photography
• A highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential news was heard.
• A memory related to a specific smell or taste
• A type of memory that only lasts for a few seconds

Multiple Choice

Which of these is not an example of an explicit memory?

• Recalling the name of your first pet
• Remembering the lyrics to a song you heard yesterday
• Knowing how to ride a bike
• Recalling the capital of France

Multiple Choice

Which of these is not an example of an implicit memory?

• Remembering a phone number dialed last week
• Knowing how to brush your teeth

• Knowing how to ride a bike
• Recalling a specific event from childhood

Major Concepts

• Retrieval
• Recall
• Recognition
• Context effect
• State dependent memory

• The process of getting information out of memory storage

• Two forms of retrieval

• Recall
• Recognition

Retrieval

Recall is the type of retrieval in which you must search for information that you previously stored,
as on a fill-in-the-blank test

Recall

Recognition is the type of retrieval in which you must identify items you learned earlier, as on a
multiple-choice test

Recognition

Context effect is the
enhanced ability to
retrieve information when
you are in an environment
similar to the one in which
you encoded the
information

Context Effect

State-dependent memory is the enhanced ability
to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when
you encoded the information

• The retrieval state is congruent with the encoding state

State-Dependent Memory

Multiple Choice

What type of test needs the use of recall of information?

• Multiple Choice

• Free Response Question/Essay

Multiple Choice

Which of these is an example of state-dependent memory?

• Remembering a specific event better when in the same emotional state as when the event occurred
• Remembering a specific event better when in a different physical location than when the event occurred
• Remembering a specific event better when in a different emotional state than when the event occurred
• Remembering a specific event better when in a different time zone than when the event occurred

Multiple Choice

What type of test needs the use of recognition of information?

• Multiple Choice

• Free Response Question/Essay