Properties of Matter & KMT

Properties of Matter & KMT

Unit 4- Chemistry

Physical vs Chemical Changes

Physical:

A change that alters a
substance without changing
its composition

Ex) freezing, boiling, and
melting

Chemical:

A change in which one or
more substances turns into
a new substance

Ex) decomposing, rusting,
and burning

Physical Property

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without
changing the samples composition.

Chemical Property

The ability of a substance to combine with or change into
one or more other substances

Ex) Iron forming rust

Copper turning green in air

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?

• Boiling

• Melting

• Rusting

• Freezing

Multiple Choice

What is a physical property?

• A characteristic that can only be observed by changing the sample's composition.

• A chemical reaction that occurs during the observation of a substance.

• A process that alters the chemical identity of a substance.

• 
  A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample's composition.

Physical Properties of Matter

Intrusive

Dependent on what the
substance is and not how
much of it you have

ex) Density

Extrusive

Dependent on how much of
a substance is present

ex) mass, length, and
volume

Multiple Choice

Extrusive physical properties of matter are dependent on:

• The type of substance only

• 
  The color of the substance

• How much of the substance is present

• The boiling point of the substance

Multiple Choice

What is a chemical property?

• 
  The ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances

• The mass of a substance

• The boiling point of a substance

• The color of a substance

Law of Conservation of Mass

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction, it is conserved

Mass of Reactants = Mass of Products

Multiple Choice

What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state about mass in a chemical reaction?

• Mass of reactants is always less than the mass of products.

• 
  Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; it is conserved.

• Mass is destroyed in a chemical reaction.

• Mass is created in a chemical reaction.

Phase changes that require energy

Multiple Choice

During which process does a liquid turn into a gas?

• Deposition

• Sublimation

• Vaporization

• Condensation

Multiple Choice

Which phase change occurs when a gas becomes a liquid?

• Vaporization

• Melting

• Sublimation

• Condensation

Intermolecular Forces (3 types)

Attractive forces between molecules that causes some
materials to be solid, liquid, or gases at the same
temperature

Dispersion Forces

Weak forces that result from temporary shifts in density of
electrons in electron clouds

Dipole- Dipole Forces

Attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar
molecules

Hydrogen Bonds

A special type of dipole dipole attractions that occur
between molecules that contain hydrogen atom bonded to
a small, highly electronegative atom, with at least one lone
pair of electrons.

Usually oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen

Multiple Choice

What are dispersion forces?

• Strong forces that result from permanent shifts in density of electrons in electron clouds

• Forces that only occur in ionic compounds

• Forces that result from the movement of protons in the nucleus

• Weak forces that result from temporary shifts in density of electrons in electron clouds

Multiple Choice

Which atoms are usually involved in hydrogen bonding along with hydrogen?

• Carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus

• Sodium, potassium, and chlorine

• Oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen

• Silicon, magnesium, and calcium

Multiple Choice

Dipole-dipole forces occur between which types of molecules?

• Polar Molecules

• Nonpolar Molecules

• Metal Ions

• Noble Gases

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

3 main types of matter:

Solid, Liquid, and gas

4th: Plasma

Solids and Liquids

Have their own shape

Have a definite volume and
shape

Definite volume

Take the shape of the
container

Gases

Have no defined shape or volume

They expand to fill the container

Standard Conditions for a gas 273K and 101.3kpa

Vapor- refers to gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid
at room temperature

Ex) Water

Multiple Choice

What is a characteristic of solids?

• They take the shape of the container

• They have their own shape

• They have no definite volume

• They are always liquid at room temperature

Multiple Choice

What is a characteristic of liquids?

• They have their own shape

• 
  They have no definite volume

• They are always solid at room temperature

• 
  They take the shape of a container

Multiple Choice

What does the term 'vapor' refer to?

• A gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at high temperature

• A gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid under pressure

• A gaseous state of a substance that is a solid or liquid at room temperature

• A liquid state of a substance that is a solid or gas at room temperature

Kinetic Theory of Gases

Theory that explains properties of a gas, it assumes

a)

Gas particles are small particles separated by empty space

b)

Gas particles are in constant, random, rapid motion with no attractions
or repulsions between particles

c)

Collision are elastic (no kinetic energy lost, just transferred) and creates
pressure

Multiple Choice

According to the Kinetic Theory of Gases, what is assumed about gas particles?

• Gas particles are always found in a crystalline structure

• Gas particles are small particles separated by empty space

• Gas particles are immobile and do not interact

• Gas particles are large particles that attract each other

Heat

Heat- is the transfer of energy from an object of higher temperature to an
object of lower temperature

Kinetic energy and temperature are directly proportional (one goes up so
does the other)

Temperature unit is Kelvin (K)

At a temperature of absolute zero (0K), particle movement ceases

Multiple Choice

How are kinetic energy and temperature related?

• They are inversely proportional

• 
  They are directly proportional

• 
  They are not related

• Kinetic energy decreases as temperature increases