WHI Review

WHI Master SOL Review

Human Origins

And

Early Civilizations

Reporting Category I

- Homo sapiens emerged in east Africa

between 100,000 to 400,000 years ago

- Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to

Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas

- Early humans were hunter gatherers whose

survival depended on wild plants and
animals

Characteristics of Hunter

Gatherer Societies

Multiple Choice

Which number shows the continent where homo sapiens began?

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

• 7

- Hunter Gatherer societies lived during the OLD

Stone Age (PALEOLITHIC ERA)

- They were NOMADIC, migrating in search of
FOOD and WATER.
- Learned how to make and use FIRE.

- Created the first tools out of ROCK and BONE

- Lived in small groups known as CLANS

- Developed an ORAL language

- Created “CAVE” art

Characteristics of Hunter

Gatherer Societies

Multiple Choice

Why were early humans nomadic?

• They liked living in cities and towns

• They had advanced technology to travel

• They enjoyed exploring

• They needed to search for food

Multiple Choice

Why is cave art significant?

• shows how old Paleolithic settlements are

• shows daily lives of Paleolithic people

• shows first written alphabet

- PERMANENT societies (villages) developed

in the NEOLITHIC Era (NEW Stone Age)

- Developed AGRICULTURE (domesticated

plants)

- DOMESTICATED animals

- Used ADVANCED tools

- Made POTTERY

- Developed WEAVING skills

Neolithic Communities

Multiple Choice

Paleolithic or Neolithic?

• Paleolithic

• Neolithic

Multiple Choice

Paleolithic or Neolithic?

• Paleolithic

• Neolithic

Categorize

Options (9)

Old Stone Age

New Stone Age

Hunting and gathering

Created agriculture

Lived in nomadic clans

Lived in settled communities

Fire and cave art

Complex tools, pottery

Oral language

Organize these options into the right categories

Paleolithic

Neolithic

- Archeologist study past cultures by looking at

HUMAN remains, settlements, FOSSILS, and
ARTIFACTS.

- Use tests such as RADIO CARBON DATING

- STONEHENGE, in England, was begun in the

NEOLITHIC AGE, and finished in the BRONZE AGE

- ALEPPO and JERICHO were early cities in the

FERTILE CRESCENT

- CATALHOYUK is an early city in Anatolia or
ASIA MINOR

Archeological Discoveries lead

to Knowledge

Early Cities and

Archeological Sites

STONEHENGE

ALEPPO

JERICHO
CATALHOYUK

Multiple Choice

Paleolithic or Neolithic?

• Paleolithic

• Neolithic

Multiple Choice

How can an archaeologist tell the age of this artifact?

• reading written records

• computer analyzing

• radiocarbon dating

• time travel

Multiple Choice

Where is this located?

• England

• France

• Spain

• Greece

EARLY RIVER VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS

? Mesopotamia:

Euphrates & Tigris River
Valley (Southwest Asia)

? Egypt: Nile River Valley

and Nile Delta (Africa)

? India: Indus River

Valley (South Asia –
Indian Subcontinent)

? China: Huang He

(Yellow) River

These river valleys offered

Rich soil and irrigation

water for agriculture,

and they tended to be in

locations easily

protected from invasion

by nomadic people.

EARLY RIVER VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS

Multiple Choice

Which letter shows the location of China and the Huang He River?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Multiple Choice

Which civilization is located at letter B?

• Mesopotamia

• Egypt

• China

• Indus

Labelling

Label the rivers

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Nile

Tigris and Euphrates

Huang He

Indus

Multiple Choice

Which letter used hieroglyphics?

• A

• B

• C

• D

OTHER EARLY CIVILIZATIONS

? Hebrews settled between the

Mediterranean Sea and the
Jordan River Valley

? Phoenicians settled along the

Mediterranean coast

? Nubia was located on the Nile

River, South of Egypt.

NUBIA’S LOCATION

Development of Social Patterns

Hereditary Rulers: Dynasties of Kings, Pharaohs
Rigid Class Systems where slavery was accepted

Development of Economic Patterns

⚫ Use of metals for tools and weapons

(bronze, iron, etc.)

⚫ Agricultural Surplus: better tools, plows,

& irrigation

⚫ Increased trade along rivers & seas

(Phoenicians)

⚫ Development of the world’s first cities

⚫ Development of slavery within most

cultures in the ancient world

Development of Political Patterns

⚫ World’s first states were city-states,

kingdoms, and empires

⚫ Development of a centralized

government, often based on religious
authority (Pharaohs)

⚫ Written codes of Law:

◦ Ten Commandments
◦ Code of Hammurabi

Multiple Choice

What development allowed cities and civilizations to be created after the Neolithic period?

• writing

• religion

• hunting and gathering

• agriculture

Multiple Choice

Which civilization used Pharaohs?

• Egypt

• Mesopotamia

• Indus

• China

- POLYTHEISM was practiced by most early

civilizations

- Mesopotamia: Angry, Vengeful Gods
- Egypt: Happy AFTERLIFE

- Pyramids: Tombs for PHARAOHS
- PHARAOHS: GOD KINGS

- MONOTHEISM was practiced by the HEBREWS

Development of Religious

Traditions

Multiple Choice

What is this an example of?

• Monotheism

• Polytheism

- ABRAHAM: 1st Covenant (PROMISE) with God

From Mesopotamia

Holy Land – Canaan – Promised by God

- Moses: Led Hebrews out of EGYPT

- JERUSALEM: Holy city of Hebrews

- MONOTHEISTIC: Belief in one God

- TORAH: Holy Book of Judaism

- The moral and religious code of conduct for Judaism is

the TEN COMMANDEMENTS

JUDAISM

⚫ DIASPORA: The Jews were exiled (kicked out of) from

Israel in 587 BCE by the Babylonians

Spread of Judaism

Match

Match the following traits for Judaism

• Torah

• Abraham

• Moses

• Hebrews

• 10 Commandments

Holy book of Judaism

Founder of Judaism

Led Jews from exile

group of people who created Judaism

Religious laws for the Hebrews

• Holy book of Judaism

• Founder of Judaism

• Led Jews from exile

• group of people who created Judaism

• Religious laws for the Hebrews

Early Forms of Writing

SUMERIANCUNEIFORM EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS

STAMPS & SEALS

PHOENECIAN ALPHABET

Draw

Draw an example of cuneiform

Categorize

Options (8)

1st writing

From Mesopotamia/Sumer

From Egypt

Phoenecians

Code of Hammurabi writing

Organize these options into the right categories

Cuneiform(4)

Hieroglyphics(2)

Alphabet(2)

- Practiced a policy of TOLERANCE towards

conquered people: CYRUS

- Developed IMPERIAL Bureaucracy

- Constructed a Road System: The ROYAL Road

- ZOROASTRIANISM – Religion of Persian

Empire

-- MONOTHEISTIC

-- TWO opposing forces in the universe

- Good vs. EVIL

The Persian Empire

Multiple Choice

What technology allowed Persian's to run their empire?

• boats

• pyramids

• roads

• aqueducts

- Physical Barriers such as the HIMALAYAS,
the HINDU KUSH, and the INDIAN OCEAN

made invasion difficult.

- The INDUS and GANGES Rivers were the two

most important rivers in the Indian Subcontinent

- Mountain passes in the HINDU KUSH allowed for

MIGRATION in the Indian Subcontinent
(ARYANS)

- Early Cities included MOHENJO-DARO and

HARAPPA

- - Planned Cities (GRID Systems)

- - PLUMBING

Early India

Early Indus River Valley Cities

MOHENJO DARO

HARAPPA

- ARYANS: Invaders that entered through the

KHBYER PASS and settled in the Indus River Valley

- CASTE SYSTEM: rigid social structure that

influenced all social interactions and choices of
occupations

- MAURYAN Empire: ASOKA

- Continued political Unification of India
- Contributions

- - Spread of BUDDHISM
- - Free Hospitals
- - Roads

India – Aryans, Mauryan Dynasty

Multiple Choice

These people settled the Indus valley and created Hinduism.

• Aryans

• Hebrews

• Phoenicians

Fill in the Blank

This strict social system was created by the Aryans. The _____ system.

- GOLDEN AGE of classical Indian Culture

- HINDUISM

- Contributions

- Math (concept of Zero)

- Medical Advances
- Astronomy

- New Textiles
- Literature

India – Gupta Dynasty

Multiple Choice

Golden Age of India - creation of 0, medicine advancements, trade

• Mauryan Empire

• Gupta Empire

- Belief in many forms of one god

- REINCARNATION: Rebirth based on

Karma

- KARMA: Belief that your thoughts and

actions result in future consequences

- Sacred writings of Hinduism are the VEDAS

and the UPANISHADS

- Spread along major trade routes

HINDUISM

- Founder was Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha)

- FOUR NOBLE Truths

- EIGHTFOLD Path

- ASOKA’S missionaries and their
writings spread Buddhism from India
to other countries in Asia

Buddhism

Categorize

Options (12)

religion of Persia

religion of the Hebrews

1st major monotheistic religion

created reincarnation and karma

starts and stays in India

Many forms of one god

Books: Vedas and Upanishads

Book: Torah

Starts in India, spreads by Asoka

Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

4 Noble Truths and 8-Fold Path

Organize these options into the right categories

Zoroastrianism(1)

Judaism(3)

Hinduism(4)

Buddhism(4)

- Classical China was located on the Huang
He (Yellow) River
-The Great Wall of China was built by Qin
Shi Huangdi to defend against invaders
from the north
-China was ruled by dynasties, or ruling
royal families
-China’s rulers were considered divine and
they served under the rule of a “Mandate
of Heaven” (gods approved of just rulers)

China

Multiple Choice

China and Egypt were led by hereditary ruling families called a-

• democracy

• dynasty

• dictatorship

- The SILK ROAD facilitated trade and
contact between China and other
cultures as far away as Rome

- Contributions of Classical China

- Civil Service System

- Paper

- Silk

- Porcelain

Chinese Contributions

Classical Chinese

Contributions

PAPER

SILK

PORCELAIN

CIVIL SERVICE

- Belief that humans are GOOD, not Evil

- Respect for ELDERS (Filial Piety)

- Code of POLITENESS (still used today)

- Emphasis on EDUCATION

- ANCESTOR Worship

- FIVE Relationships

Confucianism and Chinese

Social Order

- Belief in Humility

- Simple Life and Inner Peace

- Harmony with NATURE

- YIN and YANG: Represent Opposing
Forces in Nature

- Symbol used in Taoism & Confucianism

- Chinese forms of BUDDHISM spread
throughout Asia

Taoism and Chinese Culture

and Values

Categorize

Options (7)

Came from China

Harmony with nature

Inner peace

Education and politeness

Honor elders/ancestors

Yin and yang used to represent opposites

Organize these options into the right categories

Confucianism

Taoism

Both

Multiple Choice

Which civilization had leaders who ruled under a Mandate of Heaven?

• Egypt

• Mesopotamia

• Indus

• China

Reporting Category 2

CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

MAP OF THE GREEK WORLD

Dardanelles

Black Sea

Macedonia

Asia
Minor

GREECE’S DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL

DEVELOPMENT
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

? Agriculture (limited arable

land suitable for farming)

? Commerce and the spread of

Hellenistic Culture

? Shift from barter (trading) to

money economy (use of coins)

? Mountainous terrain both

helped and hindered the
development of city-states

? Greek cities were designed to

promote civic & commercial
life

? Colonization was prompted by

overpopulation and the search
for arable land

Social structure in the Greek
polis

◼ Citizens (free adult males) had political

rights and the responsibility of civic
participation in government

◼ Women & foreigners had no political

rights

◼ Slaves had no political rights

Differing social structures in Greece

ATHENS

SPARTA

? Stages of Athenian

government:
? Monarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny,

& Democracy

? Tyrants who worked for

reform:
? Solon & Draco

? Origin of Democratic

Principles:
? Direct Democracy, Public

Debates, Civic Duties of Citizens

? Oligarchy (rule by a small

group)

? Rigid Social structure

? Slaves were called Helots

? Militaristic & Aggressive

Society

Greek Mythology & Religion

- Based on POLYTHEISTIC religion
- Offered explanations of
NATURAL phenomenon,
HUMAN qualities, and life events

- Symbols and Images used in
Western Literature, Art, and
Architecture

Greek Mythology & Religion

- Zeus - god of sky
- Hera - goddess of

women/marraige

- Apollo - god of sun, music, etc.
- Artemis - goddess of the hunt
- Athena - goddess of wisdom
- Aphrodite - goddess of love

Importance of the Persian Wars

- 499-449 B.C.E
- Persians Wars united ATHENS and

SPARTA against the Persians

- Athenian victory at Marathon &

Salamis gave Greeks control of
Aegean Sea

- Athens preserved its independence

and continued innovations in
government and culture

Golden Age of Athens (Pericles)

- Mostly took place between Persian

and Peloponnesian Wars

- Extended Democracy - adult males

- Rebuilt and Beautified Athens after

Persian Wars

-One example was the Parthenon

-Designed by the sculptor Phidias

Greek Contributions to

Western Civilization

- Drama: Aeschylus and Sophocles
- Poetry: Homer (Illiad and Odyssey)
- History: Herodotus & Thucydides
- Sculpture: Phidias
- Architecture: Columns (3 types)
- Science: Archimedes & Hippocrates
- Mathematics: Euclid & Pythagoras
- Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, &

Aristotle

Greek Columns

Importance of the Peloponnesian War

- 431-404 B.C.E
- Caused in part by competition
for control of the Greek world

- Athens (Delian League) vs
Sparta (Peloponnesian League)

- Resulted in the slowing of
cultural advance and the
weakening of political power.

Macedonia and Hellenistic

Culture

- Phillip II, King of Macedonia conquered

most of GREECE

- His son, ALEXANDER THE GREAT (336

BC to 323 BC), established an empire that
stretched from EGYPT to the edge of
INDIA

- HELLENISTIC Culture: Blending of

Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian
Cultures by Alexander

- Spread of Hellenistic Culture through

Trade

ROME’S LOCATION

? Centrally located in the

Italian peninsula

? Alps: provided physical

barrier and protection to
the North

? Mediterranean Sea:

Provided protection as a
natural barrier and
provided seaborne
commerce & trade

Roman Mythology & Religion

- Based on POLYTHEISTIC religion
- Offered explanations of
NATURAL phenomenon,
HUMAN qualities, and life events

- Symbols and Images used in
Western Literature, Art, and
Architecture

Social Structure in the

Roman Republic

SOCIAL CLASSES

CITIZENSHIP

⚫ Patricians: Aristocrats

◦ Wealthy landowners

◦ Smallest group

◦ Most powerful

⚫ Plebeians

◦ Majority of the population

⚫ Slaves

◦ Not based on race

⚫ Patrician and Plebeian men

were citizens

⚫ Selected foreigners could

become citizens

⚫ Rights & Responsibilities of

citizenship

◦ Taxes

◦ Military service

Features of Roman Democracy

⚫ Representative

Democracy

⚫ Assemblies

⚫ The Senate

⚫ Consuls

⚫ Laws of Rome:

Twelve Tables
(Tablets)

Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage

- 264to 146 B.C.E.
- War revolved around competition for trade
- Three wars resulted in Roman victory,

Destruction of Carthage, extended trade &
wealth of Rome

- During the 2nd Punic War, Hannibal invaded

Roman Peninsula and was defeated by
Scipio who attacked Carthage.

Roman Empire in the Punic Wars

Rome after 1st Punic War

Rome after 2nd Punic War

Rome after 3rd Punic War

Evolution of an Empire and Spread of

Roman Culture

- Rome included all of the

Mediterranean Basin
(Africa, Asia, Europe, &
Hellenistic World of the
Eastern Mediterranean

- Western Europe

(Gaul, British Isles)

Decline of the Republic &

The Rise of an Empire (31 B.C.)

DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC

Spread of Slavery in the

Agricultural System

Migration of small farmers

into the cities
(unemployment)

Civil War over the power of

Julius Caesar

Inflation (value of currency

goes down, costs of good
go up)

ORIGIN & EVOLUTION OF

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

First Triumvirate (Caesar,

Crassus, & Pompey)

Julius Caesar: Seizing power,

Dictator for Life,
Assassination in the Senate

Augustus Caesar (Octavian)

Civil War, Defeated Marc
Antony, 1st Emperor

Failure to provide peaceful

succession of leaders

The Roman Peace
⚫ The Pax Romana

◦ 2 Centuries of Peace & Prosperity under Imperial Rule
◦ Expansion of the Roman Empire

⚫ Economic Impact of the Pax Romana

◦ Uniform system of money (expand trade)
◦ Safe travel & trade along Roman Roads
◦ Promoted Prosperity & Stability

⚫ Social Impact of the Pax Romana

◦ Returned stability to social classes
◦ Increased emphasis on the family

⚫ Political Impact of the Pax Romana

◦ Created a civil service (job based on ability)
◦ Developed a uniform code of laws

Origins & Beliefs of Christianity

ORIGINS OF CHRISTIANITY

◼ Had its roots in Judaism
◼ Was led by Jesus of

Nazareth

◼ Jesus was proclaimed the

Messiah: Son of God

◼ Conflicted with the

polytheistic beliefs of the
Roman Empire

BELIEFS OF CHRISTIANITY

◼ Monotheistic
◼ Jesus was seen as both the

son and incarnation of God

◼ Life after Death
◼ New Testament of the

Bible contains accounts of
Jesus’ life and teachings

Spread of Christianity

◼ Message was popular with common people
◼ Early martyrs inspired each other
◼ Carried by apostles (disciples) throughout the

Roman Empire

◼ Paul, a Roman Citizen, traveled across the

empire using the road system created by the
Romans spreading Christianity.

Christianity and the
Late Roman Empire

◼ As the Roman Empire declined in the west, the

Church of Rome grew in influence

◼ Constantine (306-337 CE) converted to

Christianity & made it legal to practice

◼ Theodosius made Christianity the official religion

of Rome

◼ The Church became a source of moral authority
◼ Loyalty to the church was more important that

loyalty to the Emperor

◼ Main Unifying force in Western Europe after the

fall of Rome.

Causes for Decline of Western

Roman Empire

◼ Political problems - civil conflict and weak

administration

◼ Invasions: attacks on borders

◼ The Roman empire eventually divided into

east and west. Emperor Constantine moved
the capital from Rome to Byzantium in 324
C.E., and renamed it Constantinople

◼ The Western Roman Empire survived until

476 C.E.

◼ Eastern Roman Empire became known as the

Byzantine Empire

Contributions of Ancient Rome

◼ Art and Architecture: Pantheon, Colesseum,

& the Forum

◼ Technology: Roads, Aqueducts, Arches
◼ Science: Ptolemy
◼ Medicine: Emphasis on Public Health
◼ Language: Latin & influence on Romance

Languages

◼ Literature: Virgil’s Aeneid
◼ Religion: Mythology & then Christianity
◼ Law: “Innocent until proven guilty” - Twelve

Tables

Roman Forum

Roman Arches

Aqueducts

Pantheon

Colosseum

Causes for Decline of Western

Roman Empire

◼ Over a 300 year period the western part of

the Roman Empire declined due to internal
and external problems

◼ Geographic size - difficulty of defense and

administration

◼ Economy - cost of defense and devaluation of

Roman money

◼ Military- army membership included

non-Romans which led to decline in discipline

◼ Moral decay - loss of faith in Rome and family

CONSTANTINOPLE BECOMES THE
NEW ROME

? Protection of the

Eastern Frontier

? Far away from the

Germanic Tribes
attacking the Western
Empire

? Crossroads of Trade

? Easily fortified site on a

peninsula border by
natural harbors

Postclassical
Civilizations

Reporting Category 3

Justinian (527-565 C.E.)

⚫ Byzantine Emperor
⚫ Codification of Roman

Law
- Justinian Code
- Basis for Western Legal

systems

⚫ Reconquest of former

Roman Territories

⚫ Expansion of Trade

- Constantinople’s location

was at the center of trade
routes

Byzantine Achievements

Art and

Architecture
Byzantine Culture
⚫ Inspiration provided by

Christian religion and
Imperial Power

⚫ Icons (religious images)
⚫ Mosaics in public &

religious structures
(pieces of colored tile or
glass)

⚫ Hagia Sophia –Domed

Church in
Constantinople

⚫ Continued traditions of

Greco-Roman culture

⚫ Greek Language

⚫ Greek Orthodox

Church

(Eastern Orthodox)

Greek & Roman Knowledge was preserved in

Byzantine Libraries

icons

mosaics

Hagia Sophia

Division in the Christian Church

⚫ Cultural and political differences between

the eastern and western roman empires
weakened the unity of the Christian
Church and led to its split

⚫ Authority of the Pope was eventually

accepted in the West

⚫ Authority of the Patriarch was accepted in

the East

⚫ Differences is Church Practices

⚫ Celibacy in the West

⚫ Use of Icons

⚫ Language

Division in the Christian Church

Roman Catholic

Church

Eastern Orthodox

Church

⚫ Centered in Rome
⚫ Farther from the

seat of power after
Constantinople
became capital

⚫ Use of Latin in the

Liturgy

⚫ Pope was the Head

of the Church

⚫ No Emperor to

answer to

⚫ Centered in

Constantinople

⚫ Close to the seat of

power after
Constantinople
became capital

⚫ Use of Greek in the

liturgy

⚫ Patriarch was head of

church

⚫ Underneath the

Emperor

Church Architecture

Byzantine

Church

Roman Catholic

Church

Origins, Beliefs, Customs, &

Spread of Islam

⚫ Muhammad, the Prophet

⚫ Mecca & Medina– Early Muslim cities on

the Saudi Arabian peninsula

⚫ Islam spread across Asia and Africa, and into

Spain

⚫ Monotheistic – Allah (Arabic word for God)

⚫ Qu’ran (Koran) – The word of God (Holy

Book)

⚫ Five Pillars of Islam – Basis of beliefs

⚫ Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets,

including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT

? Political Unity of

the first Muslim
Empire was short
lived

? Arabic Language

spread with Islam
and facilitated
trade across
Islamic lands

? Slavery was not

based on race

Historical Turning Points in ISLAM

⚫ The death of Muhammad and his later successor Ali led

to a split in the Islamic Faith

⚫ Sunni – Shi’a division

⚫ Muslim conquests of Jerusalem and Damascus

⚫ Christian attempts to recapture Jerusalem -

Crusades

⚫ Umayyad Dynasty moved the Muslim capital to

Damascus

⚫ Abbasid Dynasty moved the Muslim capital to Baghdad

⚫ Muslims attempted to invade France but defeated by

Charles Martel (Franks) at the Battle of Tours (732)

⚫ End of Muslim Expansion into Western Europe

⚫ Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols (1258)

⚫ End of Muslim Empire

Cultural Contributions of

Muslim Empire

⚫ Architecture (The Dome of the

Rock in Jerusalem)

⚫ Mosaics
⚫ Arabic Alphabet
⚫ Universities
⚫ Translation of Ancient texts into

Arabic

Cultural Contributions of the

Muslim Empire

The Dome of the

Rock

Mosaics

Arabic Alphabet

(Calligraphy)
Universities

Scientific Contributions of the

Muslim World

⚫ Arabic Numerals

⚫Adapted from India

⚫Included Zero

⚫ Algebra

⚫ Medicine

⚫ Expansion of

Geographic Knowledge

Foundations of Early Medieval

Society

⚫ Classical Heritage of Rome
⚫ Christian Beliefs
⚫ Customs of Germanic tribes
⚫ Influence of the Roman Catholic Church

⚫ Secular authority declined, while Church

authority grew

⚫ Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural

achievements

⚫ Missionaries carried Christianity & Latin

alphabet to Germanic Tribes

⚫ Pope anointed Charlemagne “Holy Roman

Emperor” in 800 A.D.

⚫ Parish Priest served the social and religious

needs of the people

Age of Charlemagne

⚫ Franks (France and Germany)

emerged as a Western European
force

⚫ The Pope crowned the Emperor

in 800 A.D.

⚫ The church’s power was

established in politics

⚫ Roman culture was reinterpreted

and Christianity became the
dominant culture

⚫ Most of Western Europe was a

part of this new Empire

⚫ Churches, Roads, and Schools

were built to unite the Empire

EUROPEAN MIGRATION & SETTLEMENTS

? Angles & Saxons

migrated from
continental Europe to
Great England

? Magyars migrated

from Central Asia to
Hungary

? Vikings migrated

from Scandinavia to
Russia

EUROPEAN INVASIONS & MIGRATIONS

Feudal Society in the Middle Ages

⚫ Fiefs – Land given to a Vassal

⚫ Vassal – One who receives a Fief (land)

⚫ Serfs – Peasants that worked the land

⚫ Feudal Obligations

⚫ Manorial System during the Middle Ages

◦ Rigid Class structure
◦ Self-sufficient manors

● Produce everything they needed

INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS

? Manors and Castles

provided protection
from invasions,
reinforcing the feudal
system

? Invasions disrupted

trade, led to the
decline of trade, and
caused the influence
of the church to
decline.

TRADE ROUTES 1000-1500 C.E.

?
Silk Road: China to
Mediterranean Basin

?
Maritime Routes in
Indian Ocean

?
Trans-Saharan trade
routes in N. Africa

?
Northern Europe
and the Black Sea

?
Western Europe
trade by sea and
river

Trade, Networks of Economic
Interdependence, & Cultural

Interactions

⚫ Goods Traded

●Gold & Salt from West Africa (Trans

Sahara Trade Route)

●Spices from lands around the Indian

Ocean

●Textiles from China, India, the Middle

East, and later Europe

●Porcelain from China and Persia
●Amber from the Baltic Region

Trade, Networks of Economic
Interdependence, & Cultural

Interactions

⚫ Technology

◦ Paper from China through the Muslim world

to Byzantium and Western Europe

◦ New crops from India (e.g., for making sugar)
◦ Waterwheels and windmills, from the Middle

East

◦ Navigation: Compass from, lateen sail from

Indian Ocean region

Technology

Water Wheel
Wind Mill

Lateen Sail
Compass

Trade, Networks of Economic

Interdependence, & Cultural Interactions

⚫ Spread of religions across the hemisphere

◦ Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan
◦ Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia
◦ Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia
- Printing and Paper Money from China

Reporting Category 4

Regional Interactions

Japan

⚫ Mountainous

Archipelago (chain of
islands)

⚫ Chain of Four Main

Islands

⚫ Close to China and

Korea

⚫ Sea of Japan or the East

Sea is between Japan
and the Asian
Mainland

Chinese Influence on Japan

⚫Writing
⚫Architecture
⚫Buddhism

Shinto

⚫ Ethnic religion unique

to Japan

⚫ Importance of natural

features, forces of
nature, and ancestors

⚫ State religion; worship

of the emperor

⚫ Coexistence with

Buddhism

African Kingdoms

⚫Axum (Aksum)

⚫Eastern Africa

⚫Location near the Red Sea and the

Nile River

⚫Located in modern day Ethiopia

⚫Only early African Kingdom that

practiced Christianity

Zimbabwe

⚫ Located between

the Limpopo and
the Zambezi Rivers

⚫ City of “Great

Zimbabwe” was the
capital of a
prosperous empire

West African Kingdoms

⚫ Ghana, Mali, and

Songhai were all located
near the Niger River and
Sahara Desert

⚫ Traded Gold and Salt

along the Trans-Saharan
trade routes

⚫ Timbuktu was center of

learning

⚫ Islamic and practiced

animism

Mayan Civilization

⚫ Mexican & Central American

Rain Forests

⚫ Chichen Itza – Major City
⚫ City States ruled by Kings
⚫ Polytheistic: Pyramids
⚫ Economy: based on

agriculture and trade

Aztec Civilization

⚫ Arid valley in central

Mexico

⚫ Tenochtitlan – Major city
⚫ Ruled by an emperor
⚫ Polytheistic: Rituals,

Pyramids

⚫ Economy: Agriculture,

Tributes from conquered
peoples

Incan Civilization

⚫ Located in Andes

Mountains of South
America

⚫ Machu Picchu– Major

city

⚫ Ruled by an emperor
⚫ Polytheistic
⚫ Economy: high-altitude

agriculture

⚫ Road system

Meso-American Achievements

⚫Calendars
⚫Math
⚫Writing and other

record-keeping
systems

QUIPO

Rise of Nation States - England

⚫ William the Conqueror

⚫ Norman Conquest (French)
⚫ United most of England

⚫ Common Law started under

Henry II

⚫ Magna Carta

⚫ Signed by King John
⚫ Limited King’s power

⚫ Hundred Years’ War

⚫ England vs. France
⚫ Defined England as a Nation

⚫ Evolution of Parliament (law

making government)

Rise of Nation States - France

⚫ Hugh Capet

⚫ Established French throne in Paris

⚫ Expanded control over most of

France

⚫ Hundred Years’ War

⚫ Helped define France as a nation

⚫ Joan of Arc

⚫ Message from God

⚫ Defeated English at Orleans

⚫ Unifying factor for French

Rise of Nation States - Spain

⚫ Ferdinand & Isabella

⚫ “Reconquista”

⚫ Unified Spain

⚫ Expelled the Moors and the

Jews

⚫ Unified as a Catholic Nation

⚫ Charles V

⚫ Expanded the Spanish

Empire in the Western
Hemisphere

Rise of Nation States - Russia

⚫ Ivan the Great

⚫ Refused to pay tribute to the

Mongols

⚫ Centralized power in Moscow

⚫ Expanded the nation

⚫ Power was centralized in the

hands of the tsar

⚫ The Orthodox Church

influenced unification

Key events of the Crusades

⚫ Crusades were carried out by

Christian leaders to take
control of the Holy Land
from the Muslims

⚫ Pope Urban’s Speech

⚫ Call to arms

⚫ Promised Salvation

⚫ Capture of Jerusalem
⚫ Founding of Crusader States
⚫ Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
⚫ Sack of Constantinople by

Western Crusaders

Effects of the Crusades

⚫ Weakened the power of the Pope & Nobles
⚫ Strengthened the Monarch
⚫ Stimulated trade w/ the Middle East

⚫ Demand for new goods

⚫ Trade through Middle East and

Mediterranean Sea

⚫ Legacy of bitterness between Jews, Christians,

and Muslims

⚫ Weakened Byzantine Empire

The Mongols

⚫ Invaded Russia, China,

and Muslim states in
Southwest

⚫ Destroyed cities and

countrysides

⚫ Created an Empire:

Ottoman Empire

Constantinople

⚫ Fell to the Ottoman

Turks in 1453

⚫ This ended the

Byzantine Empire

⚫ Became the capital of the

Ottoman Empire

⚫ Changed the name to

Istanbul

Impact of the Black Death

(Bubonic Plague)

⚫ 1300s- Black Death

decimated Asia and
much of Europe

⚫ Population Decline
⚫ Reduction in Labor

Force

⚫ Towns freed from Feudal

Obligations

⚫ Decline in Church

Influence

⚫ Disruption of Trade

Education in the Middle Ages

⚫ Church scholars and priests

were the most educated

⚫ Church scholars in

monasteries were among the
few who could read and write

⚫ Monks translated Greek and

Arabic works into Latin and
made knowledge in
philosophy, medicine, and
science more available

⚫ Monks laid the foundations

for European universities

Economic Effects of the Crusades

⚫ Increased demand for

Middle Eastern
products

⚫ Stimulated the

production of goods to
trade in Middle Eastern
markets

⚫ Encouraged the use of

Credit and Banking

Important Economic Concepts of

the Italian Renaissance

⚫ Church Rule against usury and the banks’ practice of

charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy

⚫ Letters of Credit served to expand the supply of

money and expedite (speed up) trade

⚫ New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of

Arabic numerals) were introduced

Florence, Venice, & Genoa

⚫ Originally were independent city states governed

as Republics.

⚫ Had access to trade routes connecting Europe

with Middle Eastern market

⚫ Served as trading centers for the distribution of

goods to Northern Europe.

Renaissance in Italy

⚫ Medieval Art & Literature

focused on the Church &
Salvation

⚫ Renaissance - growth of new

ideas in arts, philosophy, and
literature in Northern Italy

⚫ Renaissance Art & Literature

focused on individuals and
secular (worldly) matters,
along with Christianity

⚫ Wealthy traders were patrons

of the arts and sponsored
artistic works

Art & Literature in Italy

⚫ Leonardo da Vinci

⚫ Mona Lisa

⚫ The Last Supper

⚫ Michelangelo

⚫ David

⚫ Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

⚫ Petrarch

⚫ Sonnets, humanist scholarship

Machiavelli’s
The Prince

⚫ An early modern treatise on

government

⚫ Supports Absolute Power of

the ruler

⚫ Maintains that “The end

justifies the means”

⚫ Advises that one should not

only do good if possible, but
do evil when necessary

Humanism

⚫ Celebrated the

Individual

⚫ Stimulated the study of

classical Greek and
Roman Literature and
Culture (Greco-Roman)

⚫ Supported by wealthy

Patrons

The Northern Renaissance

⚫ Growing wealth in

Northern Europe
supported Renaissance
ideas

⚫ Merged Humanist Ideals

w/ Christianity

⚫ Moveable type printing

press and the production
of books spread ideas
and literacy
⚫ Johannes Gutenberg
⚫ Gutenberg Bible

Northern Renaissance Writers

⚫ Erasmus

⚫ The Praise of Folly (1511)

⚫ Sir Thomas More

⚫ Utopia (1516)

⚫ Northern Renaissance

artists portrayed both
religious and secular
(worldly) subjects