A&P I Chapter 10 Review

Chapter 10 Review

Multiple Choice

Muscle tissue is derived from the

• mesoderm

• endoderm

• ectoderm

• epiderm

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is false concerning muscle tissue?

• highly vascularized

• spans joints and attaches to bones at origin and insertion

• derived from the mesoderm

• stimulated by hormones to control contrations

Multiple Choice

When the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, or connective tissue and dermis of skin it is known as a

• tendon

• aponeurosis

• ligament

• fascicle

Multiple Choice

When the muscle fascia extends beyond the muscle tissue and anchors to bone or fascia of another muscle

• tendon

• aponeurosis

• ligament

• fascicle

Match

Match the following functions that are shared among all three types of muscle tissue:

• responds to stimulation by nerves and/or hormones and local stimuli

• capacity of muscle to contract or shorten forcefully

• can be stretched beyond normal resting length

• can recoil to original resting length, if stretched

excitability

contractility

extensibility

elasticity

• excitability

• contractility

• extensibility

• elasticity

Multiple Select

Which of the following types of muscle tissue respond to nervous and hormonal/local stimulation?

• skeletal

• cardiac

• smooth

Multiple Choice

Which of the following types of muscle tissue respond to nervous stimulation ONLY?

• skeletal

• cardiac

• smooth

Multiple Select

Which of the following are functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

• produce skeletal movements, maintain posture, and body position

• support soft tissues

• guard body entrances and exits

• maintain body temperature

• provide nutrient reserves

Categorize

Options (16)

voluntary

long, cylindrical, striated

attached to skeleton

controls swallowing, urination, defecation

multinucleate

short, spindled, uninucleate

non-striated

walls of hollow organs, vessels, and tracts

eyes

skin

short, striated, uninucleate

branched

pacemaker cells

intercalated discs

syncytium

EMPTY

Organize these options into the right categories

Skeletal

Smooth

Cardiac

LEAVE EMPTY

Multiple Choice

Specialized cells that control heart contraction are known as

• myocyte

• muscle fiber

• pacemaker cells

• intercalated discs

• syncytium

Multiple Choice

__________ achors cells that control heart contraction.

• myocyte

• muscle fiber

• pacemaker cells

• intercalated discs

• syncytium

Multiple Choice

Electric coupling alloes the heart to function as a functional unit of contraction known as

• myocyte

• muscle fiber

• pacemaker cells

• intercalated discs

• syncytium

Reorder

Reorder the following from largest to smallest

• skeletal muscle

• muscle fascicles

• muscle fibers

• myofibrils

• myofilaments

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Match

Match the following connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle tissue:

• surrounds the entire muscle; maintains structural integrity and protects from friction

• middle layer that surrounds each fascicle

• innermost layer that surrounds each muscle fiber

epimysium

perimysium

endomysium

• epimysium

• perimysium

• endomysium

Multiple Choice

Muscle cells are supplied by blood vessels in the perimysium.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Another name for muscle fiber is

• myocyte

• peacemaker cells

• chondrocytes

• fascicle

Multiple Choice

Myocytes arise from

• myoblasts

• fibroblasts

• myocytic stem cells

• myogeniter cells

Multiple Choice

Contractile threads composed of myofilaments that are the primary component of the myocyte are

• myofibrils

• fascicles

• myoblasts

• myofibers

Multiple Choice

Myofilaments that are arranged in repeating subunits along the length of myfibrils is known as

• sarcomeres

• sarcoplasm

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

• myofibrils

Match

Match the following structures

• functional unit of muscle fiber

• plasma membrane

• cytoplasm

• specialized smooth ER involved in storage, release, and retrieval of calcium; surrounds myofibrils

• red protein that carries oxygen

sarcomere

sarcolemma

sarcoplasm

sarcoplasmic reticulum

myoglobin

• sarcomere

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasm

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

• myoglobin

Match

Match the following parts of the sarcomere

• overlapping thin and thick filaments

• actin only

• myosin only

• anchor point for myosin filaments

• anchor point for thin filaments

A bands

I bands

H zone

M line

Z-disc

• A bands

• I bands

• H zone

• M line

• Z-disc

Labelling

Label the regions of the sarcomere

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

M line

Z-disc

A band

H zone

I band

Multiple Choice

Which part of thin filaments consists of molecules with active sites (monomer)?

• G-actin

• F-actin

• tropomyosin

• troponin

Multiple Choice

Which part of thin filaments is linked to form double strands (polymer)?

• G-actin

• F-actin

• tropomyosin

• troponin

Multiple Choice

Which part of thin filaments is the coiled-coil protein that covers the active sites?

• G-actin

• F-actin

• tropomyosin

• troponin

Multiple Choice

Which part of thin filaments binds tropomyosin over the active sites?

• G-actin

• F-actin

• tropomyosin

• troponin

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is FALSE concerning thick filaments?

• composed of numerous actin proteins

• ATP-dependent motor proteins

• twisted with tails toward M line and two globular heads

• heads interact with active sites on thin filaments

Multiple Choice

When sarcolemma invaginates that transmit electrical signals deep into the sarcoplasm exciting the SR to release calcium causing a muscle contraction it is known as a

• transverse tubule

• terminal cisternae

• triad

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

Multiple Choice

The longitudinal cross-channels of SR that occur in pairs adjacent to t-tubules is known a

• transverse tubule

• terminal cisternae

• triad

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

Multiple Choice

terminal cisterna: t-tubule: terminal cisterna =

• transverse tubule

• terminal cisternae

• triad

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

Hotspot

Which of the following is the sarcolemma?

Hotspot

Which of the following synaptic cleft that separates axon from the sarcolemma?

Hotspot

Which of the following is the molecules that are released at the axon terminal to bind to receptors leading to depolarization of the sarcolemma?

Hotspot

Which of the following is the motor end plate?

Hotspot

Which of the following is the t-tubule?

Hotspot

Which of the following is the terminal cisternae?

Multiple Choice

There are many NMJs per muscle fiber.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an enzyme in the synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh after a contraction?

• acetylcholine

• acetylcholinesterase

• acetylcholinephosphorase

• acetylcholinekinase

Multiple Choice

The plasma membrane at resting membrane potential is

• polarized

• neutral

• unpolarized

• positively charged

Multiple Choice

The plasma membrane has what charge at resting membrane potential?

• -70

• 0

• 70

• 30

• -30

Dropdown

At resting membrane potential, the ​

Select answer

is slightly negative compared to the ​

Select answer

.

Multiple Choice

The unequal distribution of charges at the membrane is established through diffusion and maintained by?

• vesicular transport

• facilitated diffusion

• osmosis

• sodium-potassium pumps

Drag and Drop

At resting membrane potential, there is a high number of ​

Placeholder

ions and a low number of ​

Placeholder

ions in the ECF. In the cytosol, there is a ​

Placeholder

number of sodium ions, and a ​

Placeholder

number of potassium ions.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

sodium

potassium

low

high

Reorder

Reorder the following steps starting with a muscle at rest

• resting membrane potential

• local depolarization

• propagation of action potential

• intracellular calcium is released triggering contraction

• repolarization

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is FALSE concening action potentials?

• it is a change in voltage of a cell membrane in response to a stimulus that results in a transmission of an electrical signal

• unique to neurons and muscle fibers

• in muscle cells, the stimulus is local depolarization

• an electrical signal will always generate an action potential

Multiple Choice

The voltage that must be reached to generate an action potential is known as the

• threshold

• stimulus

• refractory

• depolarization

• repolarization

Multiple Choice

What steps that must be taken for a muscle to contract?

• muscle fiber must be stimulated by a nerve ending so that a change in membrane potentional occurs

• generation of an action potential that iss propagated along the sarcolemma

• a short-lived rise in intracellular calcium ions to trigger the contraction

• all of these are required for a muscle to contract

Multiple Choice

When there is a local change in membrane voltage at the end plate potential it is known as

• depolarization

• repolarization

• resting membrane potential

• propagation of action potential

• intracellular calcium triggers contraction

Multiple Choice

When there is a local change in membrane voltage spreads from the NMJ across the sarcolemma it is known as

• depolarization

• repolarization

• resting membrane potential

• propagation of action potential

• intracellular calcium triggers contraction

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is FALSE concerning the propagation of action potential?

• voltage gated ion channels in adjacent sarcolemma opens in response to change in membrane voltage

• once the membrane reaches threshold, the action potential is initiated

• when the action potential is initiated it is spread as a wave of depolarization that travels across the sarcolemma

• local depolarization spreads from the t-tubules to the NMJ

Multiple Choice

When the action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma, travels down the ttubules, and causes calcium channels in the terminal cisternae of the SR to open it is known as

• depolarization

• repolarization

• resting membrane potential

• propagation of action potential

• intracellular calcium triggers contraction

Drag and Drop

When the transmission of action potential travels down ​

Placeholder

causing the ​

Placeholder

to open calcium channels leads to: calcium rushing into the ​

Placeholder

, calcium binds to ​

Placeholder

, and intiatiates muscle ​

Placeholder

.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

t-tubules

terminal cisternae

cytosol

troponin

contraction

relaxation

tropomyosin

sarcoplasmic reticulum

myosin

Reorder

Reorder the following steps of excitation-contraction coupling

• AP at NMJ signals ACh release

• ACh opens sodium channels (depolarization)

• AP spreads through sarcolemma

• T-tubules spread AP into each sarcomere

• Calcium release signals muscle contraction

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is FALSE concerning repolarization?

• ACh is removed from the synaptic cleft by diffusion or broken down by AchE

• sodium channels close and voltage gated potassium channels open

• potassium ions rapidly diffuse out and membrane potential returns to polarized state

• clacium ions move into the cell

Multiple Choice

During repolarization, muscle fibers are in a refractory period.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Myofilaments slide with a contraction/relaxation.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

What is the name for how the sarcomere regions change during a muscle contraction/relaxation?

• sliding filament model

• excitation-coupling contraction

• contraction coupling model

• sliding sarcomere model

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true of the changes in the sarcomere according to the sliding filament model when a sarcomere contracts?

• Z lines move closer together

• I band becomes smaller

• H zone becomes smaller

• A band stays the same

• A band becomes smaller

Reorder

Reorder the following steps of the sliding filament model

• calcium binds to troponin and exposes active sites

• cross-bridge is formed

• power stroke

• cross-bridge detaches

• myosin returns to cocked position

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Match

Match the following steps of the sliding filament model

• calcium binds to troponin and exposes the active site on actin

• myosin binds to actin forming the cross-bridge

• phosphate and ADP are released from the myosin head and the head pivots toward the center of the sarcomere (power stroke)

• a new molecule of ATP attaches to the myosin head causing the cross-bridge to detach

• myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP and P and myosin returns to the cocked position

1

2

3

4

5

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Multiple Choice

Rigor mortis occurs because there is an abundance of ATP but it can no longer attach to myosin causing sustained cross-bridges and muscle stiffness.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is FALSE?

• muscle contractions continur as long as calcium and ATP are available

• calcium ions are quickly retrieved by calcium pumps in the sarcolemma

• calcium must be maintained at low levels in cytosol except during muscle contaction

• free calcium would bind with Pi released during the power stroke to form hydroxyapatite

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is true concerning cardiac muscle?

• intercalated discs allow cardiac muscle cells to function as a syncytium

• cardiac cells have sustained periods of depolarization and calcium entry into cells

• shorter contractions are produced than those in skeletal muscles

• have autorhythmicity becuase they can depolarize and fire action potentials without neural stimulation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not an instance of when ATP is used during muscle contractions?

• exocytosis of ACh from axon terminal

• calcium ion pump in the SR

• Na/K pump

• detaching and cocking of myosin head

• diffusion of ACh out of the synaptic cleft

Multiple Choice

When neurons fire, all muscle fibers will contract to their maximum potential.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

A single contraction in the mucle fibers of a motor unit is known as a

• muscle contraction

• muscle twitch

• muscle relaxation

• latent muscle

Multiple Choice

An instrument that measures the amount of muscle tension produced over time is known as

• echocardiogram

• myogram

• tensiogram

• contratogram

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a phase of a muscle twitch?

• latent period

• contraction phase

• relaxation phase

• tetanus

Match

Match the following phases of a muscle twitch

• begins at stimulation and lasts ~2 msec; an action potential sweeps across the sarcolemma, and SR releases calcium

• tension rises to a peak; calcium ions are binding to troponin, active sites on thin filaments are being exposed, and cross-bridge interactions are occurring

• lasts about 25 msec; calcium levels are falling, active sites are being covered by tropomyosin, and the number of active cross-bridges is declining

latent period

contraction phase

relaxation phase

• latent period

• contraction phase

• relaxation phase

Multiple Select

Which of the following is true concerning small motor units?

• 1 neuron + a few specific muscle fibers

• used for fine, precise motor movements

• 1 neuron + many non-specific muscle fibers

• used for gross motor movements

Multiple Select

Which of the following is true concerning large motor units?

• 1 neuron + a few specific muscle fibers

• used for fine, precise motor movements

• 1 neuron + many non-specific muscle fibers

• used for gross motor movements

Multiple Select

How do we vary the degree of contraction?

• change the number of muscle fibers stimulated

• recruit more active motor units to increase muscle tension

• change the force of the contraction

• decrease the number of active motor units to increase muscle tension

Multiple Choice

The resting tension in a skeletal muscle is known as

• muscle tone

• contractile force

• muscle twitch

• rigor mortis

Multiple Choice

All motor units are always active, although the whole muscle is not contracting. This keeps muscles tense and firm instead of limp.

• true

• false

Multiple Select

How does the frequency of motor neuron stimulation affect muscle tension?

• force of contraction is increased

• higher muscle tension

• lower muscle tension

• force of contraction is decreased due to refractory period

Dropdown

Muscle fibers are stimulated immediately after relaxation which causes a gradual increase in the force of contraction. This is becuase the ​

Select answer

does not have enough time to reabsorb all the ​

Select answer

ions it released, so the ion concentration ​

Select answer

in the ​

Select answer

.

Multiple Choice

When the muscle does not relax completely before the arrival of a second stimulus causing the force os each twitch to build leading to greater force of contraction it is known as

• wave summation

• muscle twitch

• muscle tone

• treppe

Multiple Choice

When there is NO relaxation between stimuli it is known as

• treppe

• tetanus

• tone

• twitch

Multiple Choice

Tetanus is influenced by the availability of acetylcholine ions.

• true

• false

Match

Match the following types of muscle contraction

• the muscle length changes as a load is moved, but the muscle tension remains constant

• the muscle shortens to move a load

• the muscle lengthens and muscle tension decreases

• muscle tension is produced without changing the angle of the skeletal joint

isotonic

concentric contraction

eccentric contraction

isometric

• isotonic

• concentric contraction

• eccentric contraction

• isometric

Match

Match the following examples with the type of muscle contraction

• flexion of the elbow while lifting a dumbell

• extension of the elbow while lifting a dumbell

• maintaing posture, bone, and joint stability

concentric contraction

eccentric contraction

isometric

• concentric contraction

• eccentric contraction

• isometric

Multiple Choice

The muscles have numerous ways in obtaining ATP to meet its needs.

• true

• false

Multiple Select

Which of the following are anaerobic pathways used to obtain ATP when needed?

• creatine phosphate

• aerobic respiration

• anaerobic respiration

• stored glycogen

Dropdown

When muscles are at rest, excess ATP is left in the cells. This excells will donate a ​

Select answer

to ​

Select answer

forming ​

Select answer

. This is held in reserve for later use.

Multiple Choice

Creatine phosphate breakdown is catalyzed by _______________ to produce one ATP.

• creatine kinase

• creatine phosporase

• creatine cyclase

• ATP synthase

Dropdown

When the muscle cells do not have enough oxygen they will undergo the ​

Select answer

pathway to obtain 2 ​

Select answer

molecules. Stored ​

Select answer

in the sarcoplasm is broken down into glucose. Glucose becomes 2 ​

Select answer

which are turned into ​

Select answer

generating ATP.

Multiple Choice

The anaerobic pathway only lasts ~ 10-15 seconds.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are true for the anaerobic pathway?

• for quick powerful contractions

• muscles fatigue quickly

• useful for sprinters and body builders

• oxygen is required

Multiple Choice

Most of the aerobic pathway takes place in the

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

• sarcoplasm

• mitochondria

• nucleus

• ribosomes

Multiple Choice

________ is in the sarcoplasm storing oxygen.

• hemoglobin

• iron

• myoglobin

• myooxygen

Multiple Choice

Glucose + Oxygen $$\rightarrow$$ Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP + heat

• aerobic pathway

• anaerobic pathway

• glycolysis

• creatine phosphate

• lactic acid fermentation

Multiple Select

Which of the following is true to get enough oxygen to muscle cells?

• lots of myoglobin in muscle tissue

• lots of mitochondria

• increased blood flow to the muscles

• gives muscles its blue color

Dropdown

In the aerobic pathway, glycogen becomes ​

Select answer

and then becomes ​

Select answer

. This enters the ​

Select answer

and it produces ​

Select answer

.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are true for the aerobic pathway?

• used for longer periods of contraction

• useful for long distance runners and swimmers

• used for quick powerful contractions

• useful for sprinters and body builders

Multiple Choice

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are designed for sustained contractions and resistant to fatigue?

• slow-oxidative muscle fibers

• fast-glycolytic muscle fibers

Multiple Choice

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are designed for rapid, powerful contractions?

• slow-oxidative muscle fibers

• fast-glycolytic muscle fibers

Multiple Choice

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers fatigue rapidly?

• slow-oxidative muscle fibers

• fast-glycolytic muscle fibers

Multiple Choice

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers are highly vascularized, abundant in myoglobin and mitochondria, and generate ATP via aerobic metabolism?

• slow-oxidative muscle fibers

• fast-glycolytic muscle fibers

Multiple Choice

Which type of skeletal muscle fibers have fewer mitochondria and myoglobin, and rely on aerobic metabolism for ATP?

• slow-oxidative muscle fibers

• fast-glycolytic muscle fibers

Match

Match the following diseases and disorders

• commonly called a pulled muscle and is the result of excessive stretching and possible tearing of a muscle and or tendons

• when ATP is depleted from cells, actin and myosin become irreversibly cross-linked, producing stiffness; general muscle contraction following death

• muscle fibers enlarge due to an increased numebr of myofibrils

• smaller muscle cells due to loss of myofibrils due to lack of use, innervation, myofibrils

strain

rigor mortis

hypertrophy

atrophy

• strain

• rigor mortis

• hypertrophy

• atrophy

Match

Match the following

• virus affects motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain, causing muscle atrophy and paralysis

• the bacterium Clostridium tetani releases a toxin that suppresses the mechanism that inhibits motor neuron activity, leading to sustained powerful contractions

• ingestion of toxin from the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that paralyzes skeletal muscles by preventing ACh release at NMJ

• autoimmune disease results in loss of ACh receptors at NMJ results in pregrssive muscular weakness

• lack of dystrophin which would streghten muscle fibers and protect them from injury during contraction/relaxation

polio

tetanus

botulism

myasthenia gravis

Duchene's muscular dystrophy

• polio

• tetanus

• botulism

• myasthenia gravis

• Duchene's muscular dystrophy