Progressive Era

The Progressive Era

1890-1920

US.08

Explain the concepts of social Darwinism and the Social Gospel.

Charles Darwin

He is best known for his science in Evolution, specifically Darwinism.

Only the strong survive, everything else dies out.

Multiple Choice

What was the primary economic system in the United States during the Gilded Age?

• a. Socialism

• b. Capitalism

• c. Feudalism

• d. Communism

Multiple Choice

Which concept from Charles Darwin's theory was applied to society and economics during this time period?

• a. Natural selection

• b. Adaptation

• c. Genetic mutation

• d. Symbiosis

Social Darwinism

The philosophy is loosely derived from Charles Darwin's theories, strongly reinforced the
idea of individualism.

In his 1859 book, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Darwin argues
that plant and animal life had evolved over millions years through a process he called natural
selection.

Those species that cannot adapt to the environment will gradually die out, while those that
do adapt, thrive and pass on their adaptations to their descendants.

The British philosopher Herbert Spencer applied
Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural
selection to human society.

Spencer argued that society also evolved
through competition and natural selection.

He said survival became better though “survival
of the fittest.”

Many devout christians found Darwin’s conclusions
offensive.

They rejected the theory of evolution because they
believed it contradicted the bible's account of
creation.

Although some clergy concluded that evolution
might have been God’s way of creating the world.

Henry Ward Beecher called him the “Christian
Evolutionist.”

Andrew Carnegie advocated for a more gentler
version of Social Darwinism.

He said that wealthy Americans should engage in
philanthropy, using their fortunes to create the
conditions that would help people help themselves.

Building schools, and hospitals were better than
giving handouts to the poor.

Carnegie went on to create public libraries across
the country for those who wanted to succeed.

Examples

The 1800’s was an era of philanthropy with many people making a lot of money.

Rockefeller founded the U. of Chicago.

Stanford, Vanderbilt, Johns Hopkins were all named for the wealthy businessman
who founded them.

The SocialGospel

Worked to help the urban poor according to the biblical ideals of charity and justice.

Washington Gladden was an early advocate who popularized the movement in his book Applied
Christianity.
Walter Rauschenbusch, a baptist minister from New York, became the leading voice in the Social Gospel
movement.

He inspired many churches to build gyms, provide social programs, child care, and to help the poor.

The Salvation Army, and YMCA’s also combined to help faith and reform.

The Salvation Army offered practical aid, and religious counseling to the urban
poor.

The YMCA tried to help industrial workers and the urban poor by organizing bible
studies, citizenship training, and group activities.

The YMCA also offered low cost boarding houses for young men.

The settlement house movement began as an offshoot of the Social Gospel movement.

These idealistic reformers, many college educated women, established settlement houses in poor
neighborhoods, often with large immigrant populations.

Reformers lived in these settlement houses, which were community centers offering everything from
medical care to english classes to kindergartens and recreational programs.

2 of the most famous
Jane Addams opened Hull House in Chicago
Lillian Wald opened Henry Street Settlement in New York City.

Multiple Choice

How did the idea of Social Darwinism impact workers during the Industrial Age?

• It justified poorer treatment of workers by promoting the idea that if they worked harder they would make more money.

• It encouraged better treatment of workers by promoting the idea that workers would produce more if their conditions were better.

• It promoted the hiring of immigrant labor by encouraging businesses to provide ways to help workers assimilate into American culture.

• It ended the need for unions by encouraging businesses to take on the responsibility for helping workers improve their conditions.

Multiple Choice

This quote is by William Rauschenbusch, a leader of the Social Gospel Movement.

"How did the ideas of the Social Gospel Movement impact progressive reform in the United States?"

• It promoted the idea that reform was the sole responsibility of the government.

• It discouraged reform by promoting the idea that people deserved their positions in life.

  
  

• It absolved people of offering help to anyone who was a sinner or did not believe in God.

  
  

• It encouraged people to take care of the less fortunate as part of their religious duty.

  
  

Multiple Choice

What significant role did Booker T. Washington play in African-American history?

• a. He was a famous musician.
  

  
  

• b. He was an influential educator and orator.

• c. He was a political leader.

• d. He was a military general.

Multiple Choice

What was the main idea of Washington's Atlanta Compromise speech?

• a. African-Americans should integrate completely with white society.

• b. Politics should be the focus of African-Americans.

• c. African-Americans should accept segregation while working towards economic progress.

• d. Education should be the only priority for African-Americans.

Multiple Choice

These are excerpts from two speeches given by proponents of African American rights.

We appeal to the young men and women of this nation, to those whose nostrils are not yet befouled by greed and snobbery and racial narrowness: Stand up for the right, prove yourselves worthy of your heritage and whether bom north or south dare to treat men as men. Cannot the nation that has absorbed ten million foreigners into its political life without catastrophe absorb ten million Negro Americans into that same

political life at less cost than their unjust and illegal exclusion will involve?

W.E.B. DuBois

Our greatest danger is that in the great leap from slavery to freedom, we may overbok the fact that the masses of us are to live by the productions of our hands and fail to keep in our mind that we shall prosper as we learn to dignify and glorify common

labor. It is at the bottom of life we should begin and not the top.

Booker T. Washington

What conclusion about the early push for civil rights is evident from these quotes

• Strategies for achieving civil rights goals were the same in the North and the South.

  
  

• Prominent leaders disagreed on the fundamental goals and strategies of the movement.

  
  

• Leaders of the movement were unified in their prioritization of political gains over economic gains.

  
  

• The majority of people who could benefit from the movement were wealthy, well-educated members of society.

  
  

Multiple Choice

What significant achievement did W. E. B. Du Bois accomplish in 1895?

• a. He founded the NAACP
  

• b. He became the first African-American to earn a PhD from Harvard

• c. He published "The Souls of Black Folk"

• d. He moved to Ghana

Multiple Choice

This is a list of demands from the Populist Party Platform of 1892.

1. We demand free and unlimited coinage of silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1.

2. We demand that the amount of circulating medium be speedily increased to not less than $50

per capita.

3. We demand a graduated income tax.

4. We believe that the money of the country should be kept as much as possible in the hands of the people, and hence we demand that all State and national revenues shall be limited to the necessary expenses of the government, economically and honestly administer

What was the ultimate goal of the populist party ?

• to raise crop prices by increasing the amount of money in circulation

• to lower shipping costs by decreasing the tax burden on the railroads

• to stop farm foreclosures by having the government take over banks

• to reduce farmers' debt by requiring the use of the gold standard

Multiple Choice

This 1896 cartoon was published in Judge magazine and depicts William Jennings Bryan as the head of the snake.

The author of this cartoon would most likely agree with which statement?​

• The Populist Party was more powerful than the Democratic Party.

  
  

• William Jennings Bryan was a weak candidate who could not defeat the Democratic Party.

  
  

• The Populist Party adopted its ideas and platform from the Democratic Party.

  
  

• William Jennings Bryan would switch parties if he was not elected president by the Populist Party.

  
  

US.9

Compare and contrast the ideas and philosophies of Booker T. Washington and
W.E.B. DuBois. (T.C.A. § 49-6-1006)

Booker T. Washington

An influential educator, he proposed that African Americans should concentrate on achieving economic
goals rather than political ones.

He urged African Americans to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating
themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial
and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. This, he said, would
win the respect of whites and lead to African Americans being fully accepted as citizens and integrated
into all strata of society.

He summed up his ideas in a speech called The Atlanta Compromise speech, which urged African
Americans to postpone the fight for civil rights and instead concentrate on achieving quality through
education and employment.

“The wisest among my race understand that the agitation of questions of social equality is
the extremest folly, and that progress in employment of all the privileges that will come to us
must be the result of severe and constant struggle rather than artificial forcing…. It is
important and trite that all privileges of the law be ours, but it is vastly more important that we
be prepared for the exercises of these privileges. The opportunity to earn a dollar in a factory
just now is worth infinitely more than the opportunity to spend one in a opera house.”

Booker T. Washington, from Up From Slavery

●He also founded Tuskegee Institute in 1881.

W.E.B. Dubois

The Atlanta Compromise speech provoked a strong challenge from W.E.B. Du Bois, the leader of the new
generation of African American activists.

In his book, The Souls of Black Folk, Du Bois explained why he saw no advantage in giving up civil rights,
even temporarily.

He was particularly concerned with protecting and exercising voting rights.

“Voting is necessary to proper manhood, that color discrimination is barbarism.”

He did not want to get along with inequality for the sake of economic gain.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGOEED_MexI&t=17s

In 1905, he along with 28 other African Americans met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights
for African Americans.

They launched what became known as the Niagara Movement.

They believed voting rights were essential to end lynching and racial discrimination.

Du Bois also helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
(NAACP)

Leo Frank, a jew, was tried in Atlanta for
a murder that the facts proved he did not
commit, but was sentenced to death.

Eventually it was ruled to be life
imprisonment, but a mob lynched him 2
years later.

So lawyer Sigmund Livingston started the
Anti-Defamation League (ADL)

Done to combat stereotypes and discrimination.

According to its charter, the ADL’s “ultimate
purpose” was to secure justice and fair
treatment to all citizens alike and to put an end
forever to unjust and unfair discrimination
against and ridicule of any sect or body of
citizens.

Multiple Choice

Read the quote and answer the question.

"The problem of the twentieth century is the

problem of the color line."

• W. E. B. DuBois

What is an example of the "color line" to which DuBois refers in this quotation?

• de facto segregation in schools, workplaces, and housing

  
  

• the Mason Dixon Line between the northern and southern states

  
  

• the "Atlanta Compromise" speech by Booker T. Washington

  
  

• the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

  
  

Std. US History Standards

US10 Explain the characteristics and impact of the Granger
Movement and populism, emphasizing the conflicts between
farmers and the railroads.

The Granger Movement

In the late 1800s, American farmers faced numerous challenges. As the country industrialized, farmers struggled with falling crop prices, high railroad shipping costs, and unfair practices by middlemen. In response, farmers began to organize.

The Granger Movement

The Granger Movement, also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, was founded in 1867. Its main goals were to:

1. Improve farmers' economic conditions

2. Promote social and educational opportunities for rural families

3. Fight against unfair railroad practices

The Granger Movement

Grangers established cooperatives to buy supplies and sell crops, cutting out middlemen. They also built grain elevators and founded stores to serve rural communities.

Conflict With Railroads

One of the Grangers' main battles was against railroad companies. Farmers relied on trains to transport their crops to market, but they felt the railroads were taking advantage of them. The Grangers' complaints included:

• High shipping rates

• Discriminatory pricing practices

• Poor service and inadequate facilities

To address these issues, Grangers lobbied state governments to regulate railroad rates and practices. This led to the passage of "Granger Laws" in several Midwestern states.

The Granger Movement had several significant impacts:

1. Increased political awareness among farmers

2. Establishment of state railroad regulations

3. Creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1887

4. Laid the groundwork for future farmers' movements

While the Granger Movement declined in the late 1870s, its legacy lived on in the Populist Movement that followed.

The Rise of Populism

Populism emerged in the 1890s as a broader political movement that built on the Grangers' efforts. The Populist Party, also known as the People's Party, advocated for:

1. Government ownership of railroads and telegraphs

2. A graduated income tax

3. Direct election of U.S. Senators

4. Free and unlimited coinage of silver

Populists appealed not only to farmers but also to industrial workers and others who felt left behind by the rapid economic changes of the late 19th century.

Populism

Key Figures in Populism

• James B. Weaver: Populist presidential candidate in 1892

• William Jennings Bryan: Democratic nominee who adopted many Populist ideas

James B. Weaver

William Jennings Bryan

​Populism

Starts with the Farmer Alliances of the 1880s--wanted the government to regulate railroads, the rich to pay more in taxes and they wanted the coinage of silver

--Farmers are angry that the Democrats and Republicans are not listening to them

--1892 they meet in Omaha to form a new party--Populist Party​

Subject | Subject

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Multiple Choice

Which is NOT true about Populism? (Two things)

• It was a reform movement that tried to improve the conditions of common people

• It was mostly centered around farmers and people who lived in rural areas

• It was supported by wealthy elites such as bankers and rail road owners

• It was mostly centered in large urban areas

​1892 Election

--Populist James B Weaver runs for President. He loses, but gets over 1 million votes and carries five states (ND, KS, CO, NV, ID)

--CLOSE ELECTION: Takes votes away from the Re​publican Party; allows the Democratic candidate to win (Grover Cleveland)

What's the lesson? If the Republicans or Democrats want to get more votes, they need to listen to the ​farmers and other populists

Subject | Subject

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1896 Election

Democrats decide to undercut Populist support by making their ideas part of the Democratic platform

--Run William Jennings Bryan for President​: great speechmaker ("Cross of Gold" speech) advocates bimetallism. Populist Party decide to support him to.

--vs. William McKinley: Republican who favors the gold standard.​

In the election, Bryan didn't try to appeal as much to urban workers or African American voters​, many of whom were farmers. Other populists were split on whether they should run their own candidate. Result--Bryan loses and the Republican McKinley becomes President. Soon after gold is discovered in AK and South Africa--farm prices and gold availability go up

END OF POPULIST PARTY​

​

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Multiple Choice

Candidate who ran and lost the presidential race in 1896. He gave the famous "Cross of Gold" speech but failed to appeal to urban workers or African Americans.

• James B Weaver

• William McKinley

• Grover Cleveland

• William Jennings Bryan

​Why was the Populist Party important?

*Third Parties provide an outlet for minority groups to voice new ideas that mainstream politicians (Democrats and Republicans) do not usually support. 

• For example, the farmers were upset at the railroad companies for always changing their prices and charging higher prices for shorter distances. Finally, the Republican Party listened and passed the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate businesses

Subject | Subject

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​What laws did the Populists help get passed?

Interstate Commerce Commission	Tried to regulate railroad rates
Sherman Antitrust Act	Tried to restrict the growth of monopolies
16th Amendment	Taxed citizens on income, not land (called a "Graduated Income Tax")
17th Amendment	Elected United States Senators directly by the people's vote

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The pressure from farmers forced
Congress to act, passing the Interstate
Commerce Act of 1887.

The law limited railroad rates to
“reasonable and just” outlawed rebates,
and created the Interstate Commerce
Commission (ICC), the nation's first
independent regulatory agency.

Multiple Choice

Law that attempted to stop the growth of monopolies

• Interstate Commerce Act

• 16th Amendment

• 17th Amendment

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Std. US History Standards

US 11 Explain the rise of the labor movement, union tactics (strikes), the roles of
leaders (Eugene Debs, and Samuel Gompers), the unjust use of prison labor (Coal
Creek Labor Saga), and the responses of management and government.

Working conditions in factories and mines were difficult, and dangerous. Many workers performed
dull, repetitive tasks in dangerous, unhealthy working conditions.

Workers breathed in dust, lint, toxic fumes.

Heavy machines without safety devices led to injuries.

There were NO regulations governing the workplace safety or training requirements, workers had
no recourse when they were poorly treated other than to quit and look for a new job.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWVMarlh__s&t=64s

While workers' wages rose by a 50% average between 1860 and 1890, the uneven division of income between the wealthy
and the working class caused resentment among workers.

In 1900, the average worker made 22 cents and worked 59 hours a week.

Deflation caused prices to fall, which increased the buying power of workers wages.

But workers resented getting less money.

There were 2 basic types of industrial workers in the US in the 1800’s: craft workers and common workers.

Craft workers such as machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, shoemakers, and printers had special skills and
training.

They received higher wages and had more control over their time.

Common laborers had few skills and even received lower wages.

In the 1830’s, craft workers began to form trade unions

By 1873 there were 30 national trade unions in the US.

Amongst the most successful were the Iron Molders International Union, the International Typographical Union,
and the Knights of St. Crispin.

Employees had to negotiate with trade unions because the unions represented workers
with skills the employer needed.

Employers however viewed Unions as conspiracies that interfered with property rights.

Business leaders particularly opposed industrial unions, which united all the workers in
a particular industry.

Multiple Choice

Helped the urban needy

• Hull House

• Suffragette

• Abolitionist

• Prohibitionist

To stop Unions, companies would require employees to take
oaths or sign contracts promising not to join the union.

They would hire detectives to identify union organizers.

Any workers who tried to organize a union or strike were fired
and placed on a blacklist: a list of troublemakers, so no
company would hire them.

Companies would hold lockouts to break up existing unions.

The locked out workers out of the property and refused to
pay them.

If the union called a strike, employers would hire
replacements, or strikebreakers.

Part of the reason for the government’s actions was the perception that unions were
“un-American.”

The ideas of Karl Marx, called Marxism, became very influential in Europe.

Marx argued that the basic force shaping capitalist society was the class struggle between workers
and owners.

He believed that workers would eventually revolt, seize control of the factory, and overthrow the
government.

Eventually the state would disappear, leaving communist society in which classes did not exist.

Multiple Choice

What did Marx believe modern work leads to?

• Satisfaction

• Fulfillment

• Happiness

• Alienation

The Great Railroad Strike (The Great Upheaval)

The Panic of 1873 caused many companies to cut wages.

The Baltimore and Ohio railroad announced it was cutting wages for a 3rd time that year.

In Martinsburg, WV workers walked off the job and blocked the tracks.

Word quickly spread and other railroad workers walked off the job.

Eventually 80,000 workers walked off, that's ⅔ the railroad workforce.

The angry workers smashed equipment, tore up tracks, and blocked rail service in New York City,
Baltimore, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, and Chicago.

Multiple Choice

An organization of workers dedicated to protecting members' interests and improving wages, hours and working conditions for all.

• Labor Union

• Workers Rights

• Worker Strikes

• Collective Bargaining

Multiple Choice

The ____________ movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired

• collective

• labor

• strike

• union

Multiple Choice

In 1886, the Knights of Labor went on strike at the Union Pacific and Missouri Pacific railroads, owned by robber baron Jay Gould. Hundreds of thousands of workers across 5 states refused to work, citing unsafe conditions and unfair hours and pay. The strike failed and the Knights of Labor disbanded soon afterwards.

• The Pullman Strike

• Great Anthracite Coal Strike

• Great Southwest Railroad Strike

• Steel Strike of 1919

The Great Railroad Strike

Pres. Hayes declared a state of “insurrection” sending in federal troops.

It took 69 days to restore order.

$10 million of railroad property had been destroyed and over 100 people died.

B&O Railroad established Employee Relief Association to provide death
benefits and some health care in 1884.

The Knights of Labor

Its leader, Terence Powderly, opposed strikes in
favor of boycotts and arbitration: in which a 3rd party
helps workers and employees reach an agreement.

Unlike other unions, the knights welcome women
and african americans.

They called for an 8 hour work day, equal pay for
women, no child labor, and worker owned factories.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_Nff0YjaW4

Multiple Choice

Why did mill-owners prefer to hire workers like the one in this photograph?

• Females tended to be more focused on their work than males.

• Younger children had smaller hands that could quickly tie broken threads.

• Younger children were more prone to workplace accidents.

• Immigrants did not have to be paid as much as native-born workers.

The Homestead and Pullman Strikes

Homestead steel manager, Henry Clay Frick, proposed cutting wages by 20%. (Carnegie Steel Company)

He then locked out employees, and had Pinkerton detective agency bring in replacements.

When they arrived the strikers resisted, over the next 14 hours agents and strikers clashed, leaving several dead, and
dozens injured.

The governor had to send in the militia, and 4 months later the strike collapsed.

The Pullman Palace Car Company slashed workers wages without lowering rents and prices in the company town.

The American Railway Union (ARU) refused to handle Pullman cars, and railroads to a halt.

The railroad managers arranged to have U.S. mail cars attached to the Pullman cars and president Cleveland sent in
federal troops to keep the mail running.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAKZPIXyNls&list=PLWWndCnip3V3iSYS-rYmDToPpc67Y8Vix&index=12

Coal Creek Saga

After the civil war coal mining was booming in TN.

The state looking to rebuild its finances began to lease convicts to companies.

Under the 13th amendment, slavery had been banned except as a punishment for crime, so convict lease
laws provided a way around the restrictions of slavery.

The coal companies in Coal Creek decided to lease their mines, local miners revolted and sent the
convicts back to Knoxville.

The miners would end up freeing the next batch of convicts sent to break their strike, and this eventually
led to the repeal of the convict lease laws

Multiple Choice

Process which made steel more affordable and profitable.

• Laissez-faire

• Interstate Commerce

• Bessemer

• National Market

Multiple Choice

Who made their fortune refining oil; founded Standard Oil?

• Samuel Gompers

• John D. Rockefeller

• Andrew Carnegie

• JP Morgan

Multiple Choice

The theory that government should not interfere in the operation of the free market.

• Maslow

• Bessemer Process

• Free Enterprise

• Laisez-Faire

Multiple Choice

What union formed in 1898, hoped to create a single union of skilled and unskilled workers, demanded an 8 hour workday, safety codes, better pay and organized strikes to get companies to grant their demands?

• AFL (American Federation of Labor)

• Knights of Labor

• Knights of Columbus

• Congress of Industrial Organizations

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a dominant labor organization in the late 1800’s.

It was created by several organization leaders focused on promoting the interests of skilled workers.

Samuel Gompers was the first president of the AFL.

The focus on “pure and simple” union goals= wages, working hours, and working conditions.

He preferred negotiations over strikes.

The AFL had 3 man goals: 1. It tried to convince companies to recognize unions and agree to collective
bargaining. 2. It pushed for closed shops: meaning that companies could only hire union members. 3.
Promoted an 8 hour workday.

Eugene Debs

Was an American socialist, political activist, trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial
Workers of the World (IWW) and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of
the United States.

He was the leader in the Pullman Car strike, receiving 6 months in prison for for defying a court injunction.

Multiple Choice

This quote is from a worker at the Pullman sleeping car manufacturing plant.

"We are born in a Pullman house. We are fed from a Pullman shop, taught in a Pullman school, catechized in the Pullman church, and when we die we shall be in a Pullman

cemetery, and go to a Pullman hell."

This quote is evidence of what situation that led Pullman workers to go on strike in 1896?

• Workers were forced to attend church as part of their employment contract.

• Workers were in cycles of debt to the Pullman Company, which controlled most aspects of their lives.

• Workers were forced to change jobs frequently, which resulted in pay cuts and longer hours.

  
  

• Workers were required to join the Pullman union even though the membership dues were very high.

Multiple Choice

This cartoon was published in The Chicago Tribune in 1919.

Based on this cartoon, what conclusion can be drawn regarding labor strikes during the Industrial Age?

• Strikes were the fault of industry leaders.

• Strikes strengthened the power of unions.

  
  

• Strikes resulted in immigration quotas.

  
  

• Strikes had the potential to hurt the economy.

  
  

US.12

Describe the rise of trusts and monopolies, their impact on consumers and
workers, and the
government’s response, including the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 and the
Clayton
Antitrust Act of 1914.

C, E, H, P

Std. US History Standards

US12 Describe the rise of trust and monopolies, their impact on
consumers and workers, and the government's response, including the
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914.

A monopoly happens when a single company achieves control of an entire market.

Multiple Choice

Another term for monopoly during the period 1865-1900 was

• Big Business
• Trust
• Giant of Industry
• Forbes 500

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of tariffs?

• To prevent companies from competing unfairly

• To regulate the use of cell phones

• To help US companies compete with foreign goods

• To enforce health regulations on radio towers

Many Americans feared monopolies because they feared that a monopoly could change whatever they
wanted for their products.

They argue that under laissez-faire economics (an economic system in which transactions between
private parties are absent of any form of economic interventionism such as regulation and subsidies) that
it allowed the creation of large powerful corporations that could control prices and manipulate politicians
and laws to ensure they did not face any new competition.

John D. Rockefeller would develop one of the first monopolies with his oil business.

Supporters of laissez faire economics disagreed, they asserted that monopolies had to keep prices low
because high prices could allow competitors to reappear and offer products at a lower price

Multiple Choice

What is the main principle of laissez faire economics?

• Equal distribution of wealth among citizens

• Complete control of the economy by the private sector

• Minimal government intervention in the economy

• Maximum government intervention in the economy

In the late 1800s in an effort to stop the rise of monopolies, many states made it illegal for one company to own
stock in another company.

Soon however companies found ways to get around these laws.

A trust is a legal arrangement that allows one person to manage another person's property.

The person who manages the property is the trustee.

Stockholders gave their stocks to a group of trustees, who awarded them with shares of the trust and a portion of
the trust’s profits.

The trustees managed the stock but did not own it, and could control the group of companies as if they were one
large merged company.

Many believed with all this happening that the government should intervene and break up big business.

Some believed the government should break up big business to restore competition.

Under President’s Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Congress passed a number of proposals to regulate the economy.

This led to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, antitrust law that regulates competition among enterprises.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcghGCBROR0

Multiple Choice

What does the Sherman AntiTrust Act prohibit?

• Companies from merging if it reduces competition

• The import of foreign goods without taxes

• Companies from any activity in restraint of trade

• Unauthorized charges on people's cell phone bills

Roosevelt takes on Trusts

Roosevelt thought that trusts and other large business organizations were efficient and part of the reason for American
prosperity.

Yet he also felt that the monopoly power of some of the trusts hurt the public interest.

He just wanted to ensure trusts don't abuse their power.

His first target was J.P. Morgan's railroad holding company, Northern Securities.

The company planned an exchange of stock that would merge existing railroad systems, creating a monopoly on railroad
traffic in the northwest.

Farmers and business owners feared that without railroad competition, shipping rates would rise and reduce profits.

In 1902, Roosevelt ordered an attorney to sue Northern Securities under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Roosevelt won, and was praised at a “trustbuster.”

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

The act outlawed certain practices that restricted competition such as price, discrimination,
or charging different customers different prices.

The passing of the Clayton Act corrected deficiencies in the Sherman Antitrust Act.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghM8KHsHLpM

Multiple Choice

What is the main purpose of the Clayton AntiTrust Act?

• To tax foreign goods

• To enforce trade restrictions

• To prevent companies from merging if it will reduce competition

• To regulate radio towers and cell phone health risks

Multiple Choice

Who carries out the powers of the Clayton Act?

• Internal Revenue Service

• Federal Trade Commission

• Department of Commerce

• Federal Communications Commission

US.13

Describe working conditions in industries during this era, including the use of labor
by women and children.

Std. US History Standards

US13 Describe the working conditions in industries during
this era, including the use of labor by women and children.

Working conditions in mines and factories were difficult and
dangerous.

Many workers performed dull, repetitive tasks in dangerous,
unhealthy working conditions.

Workers breathed in dust, lint, and toxic fumes.

Heavy machines without safety devices led to injuries.

No regulations governing workplace safety or training
requirements, workers had no recourse when they were poorly
treated other than to quit and look for a new job, which they
may not be able to afford.

In 1900 the average worker made 22 cents and worked 59
hours.

Workers were also trying to form unions, but most employers hate unions.

Companies would require employees to take oaths or sign contracts promising not to join a union.

The workers who tried to join a union, or strike were put on a blacklist, who would not be hired
elsewhere.

Companies would also lock out workers of property, and refuse to pay them.

If unions called a strike then employers would hire replacements, or strikebreakers.

After the civil war, women in the workplace grew much
higher.

By 1900, women made up 18% of the labor force.

The types of jobs women did reflected society's ideals
about “women's work.”

About ⅓ worked as domestic servants, and ⅓ as
teachers, nurses, sales clerks, and office clerical workers.

The remaining ⅓ were industrial workers, often in the
garment industry or food processing plants.

Women were paid less than men even when they performed the same jobs.

It was assumed that a woman had a man helping to support her, while a man needed higher
wages in order to support a family.

Most unions excluded women.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FguWSsW21CQ

One of the most famous labor leaders of the era
Mary Harris Jones, also known as “Mother Jones.”

Jones worked as a labor organizer for the Knights
of Labor before helping organize mine workers.

Her public speaking made her a very successful
organizer, leading John D. Rockefeller to dub her
“the most dangerous women in America.”

One of the most emotional progressive movements was that of child labor.

Childrens always worked on family farms, but mines and factories presented more dangerous and
unhealthy working conditions.

The book, The Bitter Cry for Children,” presented detailed evidence of child labor conditions.

It told of coal mines that hired 1,000’s 9 and 10 year old “breaker boys” to pick slag out of coal, paying
them 60 cents for a 10 hour day.

It described how work bent their backs permanently, and often crippled their hands, and sometimes led to
deaths.

Reports like these led to states setting laws to set a minimum age for employment and established
other limits on child labor, such as maximum hours children could work.

At the same time, many states began passing compulsory education laws, requiring young children
to be in school instead of at work.

President Taft eventually signed the United States Children’s Bureau , and named Julia Lathrop its
first director.

The Children's Bureau investigated issues like infant mortality, orphanages, and dangerous work
conditions for children.

Std. US History Standards

US14 Explain the roles played by muckrakers, and progressive idealists:
Robert M. La Follete Sr., President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair,
Lincoln Steffens, and Ida Tarbell.

Progressivism was a collection of different ideas and activities, not a
tightly organized political movement with a specific set of goals. Rather it
was a series of responses to problems in American society that had
emerged from the girth of industry.

Progressivism was partly a reaction against laissez-faire economics and its
emphasis on an unregulated market. (Laissez-faire means the less the govt. Is involved
in the economy, the better off business will be, and in extension, society as a whole.)

Progressives generally believed that industrialization and urbanization had created
many social problems. (Huge corporations, massive slum or poverty areas.)

After seeing the poverty of the working class and the filth and crime of urban
society, reformers began doubting the free market's ability to address those
problems.

Progressives belonged to both major political parties.

Most were urban, educated, middle class Americans.

Most agreed that the government should take a more active role in solving society’s problems.

But they also concluded the government had to be fixed itself before it could fix these other
problems.

One reason progressives that they could improve society was their strong faith in science and technology.

Science and technology had benefited people, so progressives believed using scientific principles could
also produce solutions for society.

Among the first people to articulate progressive ideas was a group of journalists who
investigated social conditions and political corruption.

President Theodore Roosevelt nicknamed these writers the “muckrakers,” because of
what he perceived as their obsession with scandal and corruption.

Widely circulated, cheap newspapers and magazines circulated and helped spread the
muckrakers ideas.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwV2lWOgX1M

They were great at uncovering corruption.

Ida Tarbell concentrated on exposing the unfair
practices of large corporations. (Standard Oil)

Lincoln Steffens reported on vote stealing and
other corrupt political practices of social political
machines.

Wisconsin became a “laboratory of democracy” under
the leadership of its governor Robert M. La Follete,
who attacked the way political parties ran their
conventions and nominations of candidates.

Party bosses controlled the selection of convention
delegates and the nomination of candidates.

La Follete pressured the state legislature to pass a law
requiring parties to hold a direct primary, in which all
party members could vote for a candidate to run for
general election.

Upton Sinclair= wrote The Jungle, about the horrible conditions in the
meatpacking industry.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwScHaHxIJM

Ida Tarbell= one of the leading muckrakers in the Progressive movement, almost
single handedly took down, Standard Oil monopoly, the company owned by John
D. Rockefeller.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Yog7FyAFyA

Std. US History Standards

US15 Analyze the goals and achievements of the Progressive
movement, including: Adoption of the initiative, referendum ,and
recall, Adoption of the primary system, 16th, 17th, and 18th
amendments.

Pop Quiz

1.

What was Mary Harris Jones’ nickname?

2.

President Taft created the ____________ which investigated issues like
infant mortality, orphanages, and dangerous work conditions for children.

3.

Define what a muckraker is.

4.

Robert La Follette pressured the state legislature to pass a law requiring
parties to hold a ________, in which all party members could vote for a
candidate to run for general election.

5.

Who wrote The Jungle?

The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States that spanned
the 1890s to the 1920s.

The main objectives of the Progressive movement were addressing problems caused by industrialization, urbanization,
immigration, and political corruption.

The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. By taking down these corrupt representatives in
office, a further means of direct democracy would be established.

Robert M. La Follete of Wisconsin was credited with the idea of a direct primary.

He wanted all party members to vote for a candidate to run in the general election.

At that point party bosses held all control over conventions and the nomination of candidates.

This idea was so popular that it pushed for additional reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and
the recall.

The Initiative permits citizens to introduce legislation and requires the legislature to vote on it.

Typically citizens have to gather a certain number of signatures on a petition to make the initiative legally
binding.

In an indirect initiative, the proposed law goes to the legislature first. If they refuse to act on it, it goes on
ballot for the public to vote on it.

A direct initiative goes directly to the public for vote.

This idea was so popular that it pushed for additional reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and
the recall.

A Referendum allows citizens to vote on proposed laws directly.

In some states, if the legislature passes certain laws, such as a tax change, the new law has
to be approved by the public in a referendum.

Referendums also used to repeal existing laws.

Both the referendum and initiative gave reformers the power to bypass or overrule the
legislature if it refused to support something the people wanted.

Today some 26 states still allow some form of initiative or referendum.

This idea was so popular that it pushed for additional reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and
the recall.

The Recall provided voters an option to demand a special election to remove an
elected official from office before his or her term expired.

Today, 19 states allow citizens to recall elected officials and at least 29 states allow
recalls of local officials.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Tyg5xsJgOs

Progressives also argued that income taxes were the best way to fund the federal government because it could be
graduated.

Progressives argued that the government could tax wealthy people at a higher percentage than poor people,
because progressives believed that the wealthy had a moral responsibility to more because they could afford it.

The Supreme court decided that income taxes could be put on wages, and the burden would fall on working class
Americans, but the rich who earned the most income from property could not be taxed on that income.

Soon after Progressives began pressing for a constitutional amendment that would allow the federal government
to tax income, no matter the source, and without having to divide it proportionally among the states.

Soon after the 16th amendment was ratified by the states.

■Allows Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states on the basis of
population.

Progressives also wanted reform in the Senate.

The U.S. Constitution originally directed each state legislature to elect 2 senators.

Political machines and business interests often influenced these elections.

Some Senators once elected, repaid supporters with federal contracts and jobs (patronage).

Reformers called for the direct election of senators by voters, this idea soon passed its way through
congress and was ratified as the 17th Amendment.

Many progressives blamed alcohol for many of society's problems.

Society at the time tend to view drinking as acceptable for men, but not for women, and men consumed the vast majority of
all alcohol produced.

This spawned a major women's movement in the progressive era, known as the Women's Temperance Movement.

Temperance Movement

It advocated that people stop or at least moderate, their alcohol consumption

When the temperance movement began it concentrated on reducing alcohol consumption but lt
pressed on prohibition- laws banning the manufacturer, transportation, and sale of alcoholic
beverages.

Despite heavy opposition the movement gradually gained support.

So much support that the 18th amendment was ratified declared the production, transport, and
sale of intoxicating liquors illegal, though it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNQ_2_J7G2w

Bell Ringer

Compare and Contrast Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.

What did they believe in and by what means did they each believe they could
achieve it.

** Write this down!!!

*Be ready to discuss.

Std. US History Standards

US16 Analyze the significant progressive achievements during
Theodore Roosevelt’s administration including; Square Deal, “Trust
Busting”, Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, Support for
conservation.

Teddy Roosevelt at age 42 was the youngest person to ever take office, and he believed in Social
Darwinism, which held that nations were in competition and only the strong would survive.

Domestically he was a committed Progressive.

He believed that the government should balance the needs of competing groups in american
society on behalf of the public interest.

His reform programs soon became known as the Square Deal.

His Square Deal was his domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources,
control of corporations, and consumer protection.

These three demands are often referred to as the "three Cs."

He also wanted to take on Trusts, to make sure they did not abuse their power.

He believed trusts and large business were important for American prosperity, but that the monopoly of power could hurt
public interest.

With the help of the Sherman Antitrust Act he was able to put a restraint on trade.

Roosevelt was hailed as a “Trustbuster” soon after and gained even more popularity with the public.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FTmmtISLTHg

Roosevelt also pushed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

It prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food or drugs.

This was brought forth by a muckraker named Samuel Hopkins Adams, who wrote about the medicine patent business.

Many companies were patenting and marketing potions they claimed would cure a variety of ills.

Many of these medicines contained alcohol, colored water, and sugar.

Others contain caffeine, opium, cocaine, and other dangerous compounds.

This act eventually led to the Food and Drug Administration or FDA, which still continues to regulate food and drugs today.

Many people were concerned with what foods they ate.

Dr. H.W. Wiley, chief chemist at the US Department of Agriculture had issued reports documenting dangerous preservatives
including formaldehyde and borax, being used in what he called “embalmed” meat.

Roosevelt and Congress responded with the Meat Inspection Act, which required federal inspection of meat sold through
interstate commerce and the Agriculture Department to set standards for cleanliness in meat packing plants.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJsQNGw17kk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYbLpQ5nhZ4

Roosevelt's Legacy

Under Roosevelt, Americans began looking to the federal government to solve the nations economic and social problems.

The executive branch of government's power greatly increased.

The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) could set rates.

The Department of Commerce and Labor could monitor business.

The attorney general could rapidly bring antitrust lawsuits on big business.

His concern for the environment helped develop the national parks system that preceded the establishment of the National
Parks Service.

Std. US History Standards.

US17 Analyze the significant progressive achievements during President
Woodrow Wilson's administration, including: the New Freedom, the
Federal Reserve Act, and the creation of the National Parks Service.

Woodrow Wilson was a progressive like Roosevelt, but they had 2 different approaches to reform.

Roosevelt called his New Nationalism= he favored laws to protect women, and children in the labor force and supported
workers compensation for those injured on the job.

He also accepted large trusts as a fact of life, and set out to create proposals to increase regulation.

Wilson countered with The New Freedom.

He criticized Roosevelt's New Nationalism for supporting “regulated monopoly.”

Wilson argued that Roosevelt's approach gave the federal government too much power in the economy and did nothing to
restore competition.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY_aYiE1pFk

To restore public confidence in the banking system, Wilson supported a federal reserve system.

Banks would have to keep part of their deposits in 1 of 12 reserve banks, providing a cushion against unexpected financial
losses.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created the regional reserve banks, supervised by a board of governors appointed by the
president.

The board could set the interest rates the reserve banks charged other banks, thereby indirectly controlling the nation's
interest rates and the amount of money in circulation.

The Federal Reserve Act became one of the most significant pieces of legislation in American history.

It created an independent agency that began to use monetary policy to manage the nation's economy and shifted the
country away from the inflexible gold and silver standard.

Wilson soon realized after the election that Roosevelt was right: big businesses were more efficient and unlikely to be
replaced by smaller, more competitive firms.

So at Wilson’s request, Congress created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to monitor american business.

The FTC had power to investigate companies and issue “cease and desist” orders against those it found engaging in unfair
trade practices, or practices that hurt the competition.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NssfPApe5iQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipUdTv_fHgM

Bell Ringer

Be ready to explain what Pres. Roosevelt’s Square Deal
was?

Extra Credit

Pick a job in the progressive era, and tell me how your life would be during it? Are
you rich, poor, middle class? Are you a tycoon of industry, mine worker, factory
worker, muckraker? Where do you live, sleep, eat?

**Write a 1 page paper over this, and be descriptive.

**Due Friday, 2/9

**Worth 10 points.

Std. US History Standards.

US18 Describe the movement to achieve suffrage for women, including:
the significance of the leaders as Carrie Chapman Catt, Anne Dallas
Dudley, and Alice Paul, the activities of suffragettes, the passage of the
19th amendment, and the role of Tennessee as a “Perfect 36.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9LmBgY-F5A

At the first woman's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton convinced the
delegates that winning suffrage, the right to vote, should be top priority.

Decades later this still had not been achieved, and it became a major goal for progressives.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcYhuG1y3bc

** Why Women Shouldn’t Vote!!!!

1.

Most women did not want to vote, because they take care of the home
and children.

2.

Women don’t stay up on current politics because there job is at home.

3.

Women lack expertise or true mental capacity to offer a useful opinion on
political issues.

4.

Women’s votes will just cost more money because they will vote for who
their husbands tell them to.

Suffragists were called unfeminine and immoral, and often were threatened.

Many of the supporters were also abolitionists, and ending slavery had taken priority over women's voting rights.

In 1890 the American Woman Suffrage Association and the National Woman's Suffrage Association joined to form
the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA).

These women began organizing events, handing out pamphlets, and delivering speeches.

Many leaders started lobbying state and federal legislators.

Lobbying is where you contact a political leader personally, explain your concern, and try to convince them to vote
for legislation that supports your causes.

Quaker social worker, and former NAWSA member, Alice Paul, founded the National Woman's Party
(NWP).

The NWP emphasized non-violent protest to promote women's rights to participate in the democratic
process.

Suffragist Rose Winslow, and many others including Alice Paul were arrested for picketing at the White
House.

After being sentenced to 7 months in jail, Winslow and other women went on a hunger strike.

The hunger strikers were force fed in prison, and the story gained national attention in the press.

While the NWP had focused on non-violent protest, the leader of NAWSA, Carrie Chapman Catt had organized one final
nationwide push for suffrage.

She convinced the organization to support President Wilson’s re-election campaign, and then supported the President when
he took the country to war in 1917.

In the end on August 18, 1920 Tennessee became the 36th and final state to approve the amendment for women to vote,
earning the nickname “Perfect 36.”

Harry T. Burn was the final deciding vote. Burn also had a letter in his suit pocket, from his mother, Febb E. Burn, in which
she asked him to “be a good boy” and vote for the amendment.

On August 26, 1920 the 19th amendment granting women the right to vote took effect.

Shortly after passage of the 19th amendment, Anne Dallas Dudley, a suffragette who used her privilege and social standing
to fight for women's rights, would be nominated as the first female delegate-at-large at the 1920 Democratic National
Convention.

She was from Nashville, TN.