Adjuncts - Part 1

Review
What did we learn last class?

Let's Review!

Drag and Drop

An ​

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agent is a drug that induces of loss of ​

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with or without unconsciousness.​

An ​

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is not a true anesthetic. They are used to produce other desired effects, like sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, etc. They are part of ​

Placeholder

anesthesia.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

anesthetic

sensation

adjunct

balanced

collective

amazing

gravity

photosynthesis

Let's Review!

Match

Match the examples to the correct classification of drugs

• Preanesthetic, induction, maintenance.

• Local anesthetic, general anesthetic, sedative, tranquilizer

• Inhalant, injectable, oral, etc.

Time period when given

Principle effect

Route of administration

Chemistry Equation

• Time period when given

• Principle effect

• Route of administration

• Chemistry Equation

Let's Review!

Multiple Choice

What is an agonist?

• A drug that activates a receptor to produce a response.

• A drug that has no effect on receptors.

• A drug that blocks a receptor to inhibit a response.

• A drug that only causes side effects.

Multiple Choice

What is an antagonist?

• A drug that enhances the action of a receptor.

• A drug that has no effect on receptors.

• A drug that promotes receptor activation.

• A drug that inhibits the action of a receptor.

Let's Review!

Match

Match the definitions.

• Binds to and partially stimulates receptor

• Binds, but does not stimulate receptor.

• Reverses effects of an agonist that binds to the same receptor

• Binds to a receptor and causes an effect.

• Binds to more than one receptor type, stimulates one and blocks another.

Partial agonist

Antagonist

Reversal agent

Agonist

Agonist-Antagonist

• Partial agonist

• Antagonist

• Reversal agent

• Agonist

• Agonist-Antagonist

Let's Review!

Multiple Choice

Many general anesthetics, like Isoflurane, produce unconsciousness but little or no pain control.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Does Alfaxan provide analgesia (pain control) ?

• Yes. This injectable anesthetic provides pain control post-surgery.

• No. This injectable anesthetic produces transient anesthesia, but no pain control.

Let's Review!

Multiple Choice

What is the meaning of a "controlled" drug?

• A controlled drug is a substance regulated by law due to its potential for abuse and addiction.
• A controlled drug is a substance that is freely available without restrictions.
• A controlled drug is a medication that is only used in hospitals.

Multiple Choice

What drug can be mixed in the same syringe as Diazepam?

• Ketamine
• Morphine
• Fentanyl

• Midazolam

Let's Review!

Open Ended

There are 6 reasons for using pre-anesthetic medications.

List as many as you can remember in 1.5 minutes.

Multiple Choice

We have just given our patient a pre-anesthetic medication prior to surgery.

Which image shows the most appropriate environment for this patient now?

Match

Ok! What's your best guess?
Match the following:

• Sympathetic Nervous system

• Parasympathetic nervous system

Fight or Flight!

Rest and digest.

A cute kitten.

• Fight or Flight!

• Rest and digest.

• A cute kitten.

Multiple Choice

Best Guess!
What does the suffix "-lytic" mean?

(suffix = ending of a word)

• It means 'able to break down' or 'dissolving'.
• It signifies 'to enhance' or 'improving'.
• It refers to 'unable to dissolve' or 'solidifying'.
• It means 'able to create' or 'building'.

​Fight or flight!

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System
Rest and digest.

Let's Review!

Multiple Choice

What happens if the Vagus nerve is stimulated during endotracheal tube placement?

• Can cause bradycardia and increased secretions.

• Causes increased heart rate.

• It leads to elevated blood pressure.
• Vagus nerve stimulation has no effect during intubation.

Match

Match the following.

• Parasympathetic nervous system

• Parasympathetolitic

• Sympathetic nervous system

• Anti-cholinergic drugs

• Vagus nerve

Regulates rest and digest functions

Inhibits the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

Prepares the body for fight or flight

Block the effects of acetylcholine

Controls heart rate and digestive tract

• Regulates rest and digest functions

• Inhibits the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

• Prepares the body for fight or flight

• Block the effects of acetylcholine

• Controls heart rate and digestive tract

Let's Review!

Multiple Choice

Which works faster, Atropine or Glycopyrrolate?

• Neither work very fast.

• Glycopyrrolate

• Atropine
• They are both the same speed and duration.

Practice Question! Compare and Contrast Atropine and Glycopyrrolate

Contrast (what's different?)

Compare (what's the same?)

Summary of Contrast

•Not as quick as Atropine IM takes about 30-45 minutes to have peak effect but works for 2-3 hours

•No sedation effect (CNS is not affected) BUT also does not cross the blood-brain barrier or placenta

Glycopyrrolate

•Works very quick = IV within a minute (peak effect 3-4 minutes)

•IM takes about 15-20 minutes

•Works for an hour

•Causes a little bit of sedation
•Treats organophosphate poisoning

Atropine

Let's try the following questions at your own pace.

​

Review!

Multiple Choice

It is recommended to always give an anticholinergic drug to a patient with tachycardia.

• True

• False

Multiple Select

In which of the following scenarios would the use of anticholinergic drugs be recommended?

More than one answer is correct!

• Colicky horses

• To treat severe bradycardia

• Standard premed for cattle

• Excessive salivary secretions in dogs

Multiple Choice

Which anticholinergic drug would we want to use for a c-section patient?

• Atropine
• Glycopyrrolate

• Gabapentin

• Benztropine

Multiple Choice

What does the Vagus nerve control?

• The Vagus nerve controls heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
• The Vagus nerve controls blood sugar levels and muscle strength.

• The Vagus nerve controls vision and hearing.

Multiple Choice

Which anticholinergic is better to use in an emergency situation?

• Glycopyrrolate

• Atropine

Multiple Choice

Why might we not use anticholinergic drugs routinely with horses?

• Anticholinergic drugs can lead to gastrointestinal issues in horses.

• Anticholinergic drugs have no side effects in equine patients.
• These drugs are commonly used to enhance athletic performance in horses.
• Anticholinergic drugs improve respiratory function in horses.

Match

Match the following:

• Sympathetic Nervous system

• Parasympathetic nervous system

Fight or Flight!

Rest and digest.

Hallowe'en dog.

• Fight or Flight!

• Rest and digest.

• Hallowe'en dog.

Categorize

Options (13)

Fight or Flight

Increased heart rate

Dilated pupils

Increased blood flow to muscles

Decreased digestive activity

Release of adrenaline

Heightened alertness

Rest and digest

Decreased heart rate

Constricted pupils

Increased blood flow to digestive organs

Increased digestive activity

Promotes relaxation

Put these in the correct category.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Multiple Select

How can Atropine and Glycopyrrolate be administered?
Select all that apply!

• SQ

• IV

• IM

Word Cloud

In 1-2 words:

Describe the environment a patient that has just been given a pre-medication before surgery.

Multiple Choice

What are some reasons pre-anesthetic medications used prior to surgery in veterinary medicine?

• To ensure the animal is fully awake during the procedure.
• To calm the animal, reduce anxiety, and provide pain relief before surgery.

• To enhance the effectiveness of post-operative medications.
• To increase the animal's heart rate before surgery.
• To prevent the animal from eating before surgery.

Multiple Choice

What is "balanced anesthesia" ?

• Balanced anesthesia is a technique that avoids the use of any medications.
• Balanced anesthesia is a method that uses only one drug for sedation.
• Balanced anesthesia is a form of local anesthesia applied to the skin.
• Balanced anesthesia is a technique that combines multiple drugs to achieve effective anesthesia with fewer side effects.

Multiple Choice

Diazepam can be safely mixed with any water-soluble drug.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which drug can Diazepam be safely mixed with?

• Antidepressants
• Opioids
• Alcohol
• Ketamine

Multiple Choice

What's going on in this syringe?

• Mixed drugs have precipitated.

• Do you want to build a snow man?

• Nothing, everything is fine.

Multiple Choice

When should pain control be provided to surgery patients?

• Pain control should only be provided after surgery.
• Pain control is unnecessary during surgery.
• Pain control should be given only if the patient requests it.
• Pain control should be provided at all stages: before, during, and after surgery.

Multiple Choice

General anesthetics provide pain control.

• True

• False

Drag and Drop

An ​

Placeholder

agent is a drug that induces of loss of ​

Placeholder

with or without unconsciousness.​

An ​

Placeholder

is not a true anesthetic. They are used to produce other desired effects, like sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, etc. They are part of ​

Placeholder

anesthesia.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

anesthetic

sensation

adjunct

balanced

collective

amazing

gravity

photosynthesis

Match

Match the examples to the correct classification of drugs

• Preanesthetic, induction, maintenance.

• Local anesthetic, general anesthetic, sedative, tranquilizer

• Inhalant, injectable, oral, etc.

Time period when given

Principle effect

Route of administration

Chemistry

• Time period when given

• Principle effect

• Route of administration

• Chemistry

Multiple Choice

What is an agonist?

• A drug that activates a receptor to produce a response.

• A drug that has no effect on receptors.

• A drug that blocks a receptor to inhibit a response.

• A drug that only causes side effects.

Match

Match the definitions.

• Binds to and partially stimulates receptor

• Binds, but does not stimulate receptor.

• Reverses effects of an agonist that binds to the same receptor

• Binds to a receptor and causes an effect.

• Binds to more than one receptor type, stimulates one and blocks another.

Partial agonist

Antagonist

Reversal agent

Agonist

Agonist-Antagonist

• Partial agonist

• Antagonist

• Reversal agent

• Agonist

• Agonist-Antagonist

Match

Match the following.

Agonist

Antagonist

Agonist-antagonist

Partial agonist

Seriously, this is an olive.

• Agonist

• Antagonist

• Agonist-antagonist

• Partial agonist

• Seriously, this is an olive.

Assignment Questions are on Teams. The articles for the assignment can be found in the "File" tab in the General Channel.

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Don't forget: Assignment #1 is due on Friday.