(B) A&P 4.3-4.4 (24-25)

Open Ended

What are the types of synovial joints?

​Types of Fractures

Reduction​

• ​Closed

  • ​Without surgery

  • ​Casting

• ​Open

  • ​Requires surgery

    • ​open and reset bones

    • secured with pins or wires during surgery

​External and Internal Fixation

• ​External

  • ​external fixation

  • ​frame fixation

• ​Internal

  • ​rods

  • ​screws

  • ​plates

  • ​wires

  • ​nails

​Fracture Healing (6-8 Weeks)

• ​1 Formation of hematoma and granulation tissue

  • ​blood clot forms

  • ​osteogenic cells migrate

  • ​granulation of tissue

• ​2 Formation of soft callus

  • ​collagen from fibroblast

  • ​chondroblast produce fibrocartilage

• ​3 Formation of bony callus

  • ​osteogenic cells differentiate into osteoblasts forming a bony collar

• ​4 Remodeling

  • ​osteoclast begin reshaping of bone tissue

Joint Injuries

• Bursitis

  • inflamed bursa

• ​Sprains

  • ​torn or stretched ligament/tendon

• ​Dislocations

  • ​bone displaced from socket

Arthritis

​Osteoarthritis

• Deterioration of the articular cartilage

Rheumatoid

• Autoimmune disorder resulting in uncontrolled inflammation and if not treated will cause joints to fuse

​Osteogenesis Imperfecta

​Genetic disorder resulting in "brittle bones"

​

Mutation of the collagen genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2)

​

Resulting in frequent bone breaks depending on the severity of the deficiency ​

​Osteomyelitis

​Bone infection

​

• usually caused by bacteria in the bloodstream (sepsis)

• surgical implant surgeries

• Autoimmune disorders​

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​Osteosarcoma​

​Bone Cancer

​

DNA damage to osteoblasts

Factors​

• Genetic

• Epigenetic ​(lifestyle/environment genetic interactions)

​Paget's​ Disease

​Bone remodeling process is altered

​

Cause is still undetermined

presents after the age of 50

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