SOL6.5 Study Guide

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Atoms!

SOL 6.5a atoms consist of
particles, including electrons,
protons, and neutrons;

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An atom is a tiny piece of

matter. So tiny you cannot

see them. Atoms make up

everything! You and I are

made of atoms, so is your

house, your dog, and the sun.

What is an
atom?

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What are the three particles

of an atom?

What are the charges of the

three particles?

Proton

Neutron

Electron

Nucleus

Proton = positive

Neutron = Neutral

Electron = Negative

Electron
Cloud/shell

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Try on your own

Nucleus

Neutron

Proton

Electron

Electron
Shell/Cloud

Multiple Choice

What makes up the nucleus of an atom?

• Protons and electrons

• Only protons

• Protons and neutrons

• Neutrons and electrons

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Protons

Contributes to the atomic mass of an atom. The number of protons in an
atom determines its atomic number, which identifies the element.
Positively charged. For example, carbon atoms always have 6 protons

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BOOM

Neutrons

Contributes atomic mass due to its mass being nearly the
same as a proton. Helps stabilize the nucleus. Neutrally
charged.

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Play a major role in chemical reactions. Determine an atom's
overall charge.

Electron

BOOM

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Nucleus

Contains most of the atom's mass since protons
and neutrons are much more massive than
electrons.

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Electron Shell aka
Electron Cloud

Organizes electrons based on their energy levels. Each
shell can only hold a certain number of electrons. The first
shell holds only two electrons. The second orbital/shell
holds at most eight electrons.

/Cloud

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Independent Practice

Multiple Select

Select all of the particles that affect the overall electric charge of an atom.

• Protons

• Neutrons

• Electrons

• Molecules

Drag and Drop

+​

Placeholder

-​

Placeholder

​0 ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Proton

Electron

Neutron

Positron

Multiple Choice

Where is the smallest negatively charged particle found?

• Nucleus

• Orbits in the nucleus

• Orbits around the nucleus

• Between the proton and the neutron

Multiple Choice

An atom with an equal ratio of protons to electrons gains an electron. Upon gaining an electron, the atom will

• Lose a proton

• Gain a neutron

• Maintain its neutral state

• Become negatively charged

What does this image provoke?

Nucleus of an atom

An atomic bomb releases a lot of
energy and causes a lot of
destruction. Where does that
energy come from? The nucleus
of an atom!

Nucleus of an atom

The nucleus(plural, nuclei) is a positively
charged region at the center of the atom.
It consists of two types of subatomic
particles.

The particles are protons, which have a
positive charge, and neutrons, which are
neutral in charge. Outside of the nucleus,
an atom is mostly empty space.

Nucleus of an atom

The nucleus of an atom is
incredibly small. Its radius is
only about 1/100,000 of the
total radius of the atom. If an
atom were the size of a football
stadium, the nucleus would be
about the size of a marble!

Nucleus of an atom

Electrons have virtually no mass,
but protons and neutrons have a
lot of mass for their size. As a
result, the nucleus has virtually
all the mass of an atom.
Atomic mass is protons +
neutrons

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes a neutron?

• It has a negative charge

• It moves around the nucleus

• It adds mass to the nucleus

• It has a positive charge

Speaking of protons
and neutrons…

Do you recall what the atomic
number is?

It’s the number of protons and it
determines the type of element an
atom is.

An element is a specific type of atom.
Each element is unique although they
are grouped together based on
similarities on the periodic table.
Elements cannot be broken down
into further components!

The periodic table is a
way to organize the
elements. There are 118
known elements, each
with their own properties.
They are ordered based
on atomic
number/number of
protons. Hydrogen has 1
proton so it is first.
Helium has 2 protons so it
is 2nd and so on.

You try!

Atomic number

Chemical symbol

Element name

Atomic mass/amu

Stop! Vocab time! Can
you define these words?

Atom - The smallest unit of matter.

Element - a substance that cannot be broken

down into other substances by chemical

reactions. The basic particle is the atom.

Proton - Positively charged subatomic particle

Neutron - Neutrally charged subatomic

particle

Electron - Negatively charged subatomic

particle

Multiple Choice

Using the image above, select the answer that explains why Carbon and Oxygen are similar but different

• They are similar because they are both solids but different because carbon has electrons and oxygen doesn't

• The atomic number is the same but the atomic mass is different

• Both are elements with protons, electrons, and neutrons but the number of each is different

• Carbon is a compound where Oxygen is an element

Multiple Choice

Scientists can identify an element but looking at a single

• atom

• neutron

• molecule

• electron

Multiple Choice

What is the smallest particle of an element that still exhibits properties of that element?

• An electron

• An atom

• A molecule

• A proton

Multiple Choice

Which of the samples shown represents an element?

• substance 1

• substance 2

• substance 3

• substance 4

Review

Atomic Number

Chemical Symbol

Element name

Atomic mass/amu

“I can” statement:

I can explain that elements
are represented by symbols
(6.5 c)

5

Essential question

How are atoms represented?

Periodic Table

The periodic table is divided into groups and
periods. The groups are going up and down
and the periods are going left to right

8

9

Groups

Period

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

18 groups

7 periods

The periodic table is also divided
into families aka how similar the

elements are to each other. There’s

9 families.

10

11

Multiple Select

Choose the answers that represent chemical symbols

• C

• H

• Ca

• Carbon

• Neon

Multiple Choice

A student studies four chemicals in a laboratory investigation. Which chemical cannot be broken down into other chemicals using ordinary laboratory processes.

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

The table shows several minerals found in Earth's crust. Based on the information in the table, which mineral is also an element?

• graphite

• quartz

• calcite

• hematite

Multiple Choice

The chemical symbol for niobium is Nb. Based on its symbol, what can be concluded about niobium?

• It is a compound

• It is an element

• It is a metal

• It is a mixture

SOL 6.5d

d)two or more atoms
interact to form new
substances, which are
held together by
electrical forces (bonds);

SOL 6.5
6.5 The student will
investigate and
understand that all
matter is composed
of atoms

I can statement

I can describe the role of
bonding in the formation
of new substances.

Essential Question

How are new substances
formed?

Review

The different colors of the periodic table all represent different

types of atoms. From the non-metals to the noble gases each
family has properties that are similar.

Real Quick:

An atom: The smallest unit of matter that still
retains the properties of an element.

A molecule: Two or more atoms bonded
together.

Compound: Two or more different
atoms/elements bonded together

All compounds are molecules. All molecules
are not compounds.

Dropdown

Calcium Carbonate (CaC₃) is considered a compound because it is made up of two or more​

Select answer

Multiple Select

Choose all of the compounds below.

• Ozone (O₃)

• Water (H₂O)

• Nitrogen gas (N₂)

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Multiple Choice

A student took notes by drawing diagrams during science class. Which of these sets of labels would identify the diagrams in the picture above?

• Picture 1: animal cell

  Picture 2: plant cell

• Picture 1: mixture

  Picture 2: solution

• Picture 1: compound

  Picture 2: element

• Picture 1: atom

  Picture 2: molecule

What Is a Chemical Bond?

A chemical bond is a force of attraction
between atoms. Bonds form when atoms
share or transfer valence electrons. Valence
electrons are the electrons in the outer energy
level of an atom that may be involved in
chemical interactions. Valence electrons are
the basis of all chemical bonds.

Q: Why do you think that chemical
bonds form?

A: Chemical bonds form because they give
atoms a more stable arrangement of electrons.

SOL 6.5d 6.5e

d) two or more atoms interact to
form new substances, which are
held together by electrical forces
(bonds);
e) identify the name and number of
each element present in a simple
molecule or compound

SOL 6.5
The student will
investigate and
understand that all
matter is composed of
atoms

I can statement

I can describe the role of
bonding in the formation
of new substances.
I can identify the name
and number of each
element present in a
simple molecule or
compound.

Essential Question

How are new substances
formed?

Review

Covalent bonds are a chemical bond where
there is the sharing of electrons. Covalent
bonds usually occur between nonmetals or
two elements of the same (or similar)
elements.

Ionic bonds are a chemical bond where there
is the “stealing” of electrons. Occurs between
metals and nonmetals.

Practice!

Is water an element, molecule, or compound?

Water is a molecule and a compound

Is gold an element, molecule, or
compound?

Gold is an element

Compounds can be represented by chemical
formulas.

Each element in a compound is represented
by its unique symbol.

For example, Au represents gold, H,
represents hydrogen, and Fe represents iron.
Each element will only have one or two letters
to represent the element. If there are two
letters, the first letter will always be capitalized

The subscript (tiny number) to the right of the
symbol tells you how many elements there are
in that compound. If there is no subscript, then
there just one element.

For example, in H₂O there are TWO hydrogen
atoms and ONE oxygen atom. There are three
atoms total.

There can be parentheses in a chemical
formula. () The subscript to the right of it
applies to everything inside the parentheses.

For example in Ba₃(PO₄)₂ there are THREE
Barium (Ba), TWO phosphorus (P), and
EIGHT oxygen (O). There are thirteen atoms
total.

Let’s Practice

C₇H₅N₃O₆

7 carbons, 5 hydrogens, 3 nitrogens,
and 6 oxygens

Fe₂(SO₄)

2 Irons, 1 sulfur, and 4 oxygens

Al₂(SO₄)₃

2 aluminums, 3 sulfurs, and 12 oxygen

Multiple Choice

The compound potassium sulfate, K₂SO₄ is composed of

• 2 atoms of potassium, 1 atom of sulfur, and 4 atoms of oxygen

• 2 atoms of potassium, 4 atoms of sulfur, and 4 oxygen atoms

• two molecules of sulfur and one molecule of potassium

• two molecules of potassium and one molecule of sulfur

Multiple Choice

How many atoms of carbon are included in one formula unit of the compound Na₂C₂O₄ ?

• 2

• 4

• 6

• 8

​Chemical Equations (6.5f)

A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction, indicating the reactants and products in a reaction and the direction in which the reaction proceeds.

The three essential parts of a chemical equation are the reactants, the products, and the reaction arrow, but many equations contain much more information.

Chemical Formulas: Reactants and products are written as chemical formulas, using element symbols and subscripts.

Reactants: Reactants are what you start with before the chemical reaction has occurred. They are typically on the left side of the arrow.

Products: Products are what you end up with at the end of a chemical reaction. They are typically on the right side of the arrow.

Reaction Arrow: Tells which direction the chemical reaction proceeds.

Plus Signs: When more than one reactant or product occurs, use a plus sign (+) between them.

Coefficients: Coefficients are numbers written in front of a chemical formula. They indicate how many there are of that molecule.

Subscripts: Subscripts follow the element symbol in a chemical formula, indicating how many atoms of that element are in a compound. For example, the “2” in H₂O is a subscript.

Example of both: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

Multiple Choice

Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is a compound used in making cement. When solid calcium carbonate is heated to a high temperature, it breaks down into two different compounds: carbon dioxide (CO₂) and calcium oxide (CaO). Which chemical equation represents this chemical reaction?

• CaCO₃ → CO₂ + CaO

• CO₂ + CaO → CaCO₃

• CaCO₃ + CO₂ → CaO

• CaCO₃ + CaO → CO₂

Multiple Choice

Methane (CH₄) is natural gas. When it combusts in the presence of oxygen (O₂) it produces carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and a large amount of heat. Which equation represents the combustion of methane?

• CH₄ + 2H₂O + 2O₂ → CO₂

• CH₄ + 2O₂ → 2H₂O + CO₂

• CH₄ + 2O₂ + CO₂ → 2H₂O

• CH₄ → 2O₂ + CO₂ + 2H₂O

Multiple Choice

This circle graph shows that two common elements make up about 75% of a specific type of matter. Which type of matter does the circle graph most likely represent?

• Earth's atmosphere

• living organisms

• ocean water

• Earth's crust

Multiple Choice

The circle graph below shows the four most common elements in one component of the Earth system. Which component is represented by the graph?

• Biosphere (living things)

• Atmosphere

• Lithosphere (Earth's crust)

• Hydrosphere (Earth's water)

Multiple Choice

The circle graph below shows the relative proportions of components of Earth’s atmosphere. Which element is represented by the shaded portion?

• Phosphorus

• Nitrogen

• Oxygen

• Sodium

Multiple Choice

Four organisms are shown. Which element do these organisms have in common?

• helium

• silicon

• aluminum

• carbon