to be edited

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YOUR PROGRESSION, OUR PASSION!

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Aims

By the end of this Unit, you should be able to:

1. Understand the basic hardware and software of computer systems

2. Understand numerical skills for network addressing

3. Understand network connectivity and media

4. Understand how to configure and maintain a secure network

5. Understand maintenance practices and processes

NETWORK ADDRESSING

-

What Does It Involve?

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NETWORK ADDRESSING

Objectives

•

LO2

-

Understand numerical skills for network addressing

•2.1 Identify the characteristics of common (IP) addresses

•2.3 Apply subnetting to different IP addresses

•2.2 Apply binary conversion and arithmetic

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Part 1

• HISTORY OF THE INTERNET (BONUS INTRO)

• BITS N’ BYTES (BONUS)

• BASE SYSTEMS (2, 8, 10 & 16)

Part 2

• MAC ADDRESSES

NUMBER SYSTEMS

-

overview

APPLY BINARY CONVERSION AND ARITHMETIC:

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1980

IPv4 was in trouble, it was running out of available IP addresses, something had to be done, and fast!

If only they knew how popular the internet was going to be…..

1990

2000

2010

JUNE - 78

IEN 46

Proposal for

addressing and

routing

DEC - 98

RFC 760

IP Version 4
was created.

IETF

Published a first draft

standard for IPV6

SEPT - 81

RFC 790

Classful addressing

introduced.

JUNE - 12

IPV6

IPV6 Live day

many companies

switched it on for the

first time

History of the Internet

JULY - 17

IPV6

5 years later IPv6
gets ratified as the
internet standard

IPV4 exhausted

IANA used the last

free /8 block

RFC 1631

NAT Proposed

RFC 1883

IPV6 Proposed

OCT - 84

RFC 791

Subnetting
introduced.

Worlds first

Commercial ISP.

RFC 1338

First description of the

exhaustion problem

Creation of Road

Routing & Addressing

Group

RFC 1519

CIDR Proposed

OCT - 89

URL

1973 / 1977

IEN 2

TCP/IP

introduced

RFC = Request for comments & IEN = Internet Experiment Note

RFC

NETWORK ADDRESSING

NOV - 91

JUN - 92

SEP - 93

MAY - 94

DEC - 96

JAN - 11

Extra Content

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➢

Bit

-

is the smallest unit of data in a computer, which can be represented in two states a 1 or a 0 and

this we call binary, and in computing there are typically 8 bits in a byte of information.

is a unit of measurement of data that is

eight

binary bits long, computers can use characters such

as numbers or letters to represent them.

is half a byte (four bits) so this means there are 2 nibbles to a byte of information.

(KB or Kbyte) is a thousand bytes and can be written as 2 to the 10th power or in decimal it would

be 1024 bytes.

(MB) is a thousand kilobytes and can be represented by 2 to the 20

th

power byte or 1024 KB.

➢

Nibble

-

➢

Byte

-

➢

Kilobyte

-

➢

Megabyte

-

a hextet is a sixteen

-

bit aggregation, or four nibbles. A nibble typically is notated in hexadecimal

format, a hextet consists of 4 hexadecimal digits. (e.g.IPV6) although Cisco prefers the term

quartet.

➢

Hextet

-

Mb = Megabit vs MB = Megabyte,

a Mb is 1000000 “1”s and “0”s whereas a MB is 8 million “1”s & “0”’s

•

EXPLAINED

BITS AND BYTES

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Extra Content

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➢

Petabyte

-

is used typically used to describe storage drive capacities, and we have worked out by now is ten

times larger still, we can describe it as 2 to the 40

th

power or 1024 gigabyte.

➢

Exabyte

-

exa means one billion or a quintillion (same thing) or 2 to the 60

th

power a billion gigabytes.

➢

Zettabyte

-

or ZB is one sextillion 1024 exabytes or 2 to the 70

th

power.

➢

Yottabyte

-

or YB is one septillion bytes and can be written as 2 to the 80

th

power.

is only really used to describe storage capacity and as the pattern goes we are at 2 to the 50

th

power or 1024 terabytes .

Lets round those out with the following

➢

Terabyte

-

(pronounced Gig

-

a

-

Byte) is use to describe somethings capacity, ram or storage for example and is

roughly a billion bytes, a gigabyte is 2 to the 30

th

power or 1024 MB

➢

Gigabyte

-

BITS AND BYTES

•

EXPLAINED

BITS AND BYTES

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Extra Content

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What Is

B

I

NA

R

Y?

1 = Bit of Data (On) or included

0 = Bit of Data (Off) or

excluded

1’s

or 0’s

Bits

Name

Example

1

Bit

1

4

Nibble

0100

8

Byte

00001000

These are some examples of number
systems we will be looking at next…

THINK OF IT AS A SWITCH:

•

EXPLAINED

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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A base system may be a combination of digits and/or letters dependant on the
base we are in and the value we need to represent.

The base, is the number that determines how many symbols we can use, up
to, but excluding its actual base value.

1. All base systems should have its subscript/index noted so as to identify the base we are working in.

2. No written number may be higher than the base you are working in (except to indicate its base).

Considerations:

3. The highest number we can write will always be one less than the base number.

What is a

BASE SYSTEM

?

BASE SYSTEMS

•

OVERVIEW

BASE SYSTEMS

•

OVERVIEW

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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Base 2

Base 8

Base 10

Base 16

Octal

Hexadecimal

Binary

Decimal

Base

Subscript/Radix

Number system

All base systems include ZERO, the base number is never used other than as an index

•

EXAMPLES

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 10

-

DECIMAL

Base

10

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

ALSO KNOWN AS DENARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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Normally Written as: Base

10

1651

= 1 Units

= 5 Tens

= 6 Hundreds

= 1 Thousands

Example

T H T U

ALSO KNOWN AS DENARY

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 10

-

DECIMAL

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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128

64

32

16

1

4

8

1
bit

1
bit

1
bit

1
bit

1
bit

1
bit

1
bit

1
bit

2

Most Significant bit

Least Significant bit

8 BINARY BITS = 1 BYTE OF INFORMATION

EACH BINARY BIT HAS A DECIMAL PLACE VALUE THAT IS DOUBLED WITH EACH ADDITIONAL BIT WE ADD.

Base

2

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

Base

2

=219

1

0

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

Base

2

You cannot go above the base number.

10100000

=

160

1

0

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

Base

2

You cannot go above the base number.

10101000

=

168

1

0

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

Base

2

You cannot go above the base number.

11000000

=

192

1

0

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

Base

2

You cannot go above the base number.

01101000

=

104

1

0

BASE SYSTEMS

•

BASE 2

-

BINARY

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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BASE SYSTEMS

•

EXAMPLE

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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64 8 1

1 1 1

Place holder values

Decimal value = 73

1 0 1

8

=

?

65

10

0 3 1

8

=

?

25

10

2 1 0

8

=

?

136

10

Base

8

Uses the numbers 0

-

7

BASE SYSTEMS

•

OCTAL (BASE 8)

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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Base

16

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

A(10), B(11), C(12), D(13), E(14), F(15)

1010

1011

1100

1101

1110

1111

0000

0001

0010

0011

0100

0101

0110

0111

1000

1001

4 BIT BINARY = NIBBLE

BASE SYSTEMS

•

HEXADECIMAL (BASE 16)

BASE SYSTEMS

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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4 BIT BINARY = NIBBLE

0000

-

0001

-

0010

-

0011

-

0100

-

0101

-

0110

-

0111

-

1000

-

1001

-

1010

-

1011

-

1100

-

1101

-

1110

-

1111

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.

BASE SYSTEMS

•

HEXADECIMAL (BASE 16)

NUMBER SYSTEMS

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Part 1

✓HISTORY OF THE INTERNET (BONUS

INTRO)

✓BITS N’ BYTES (BONUS)

✓BASE SYSTEMS

Part 2

•

MAC ADDRESSES

NUMBER SYSTEMS

-

overview

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The

MAC

address is the

Physical Address

HARD CODED

onto the Ethernet or Wireless

Network Interface Card (NIC) by the

manufacturer.

lives at layer 2 of the

OSI

model or layer 1 of the

TCP/IP

Media Access Control

MAC address

MAC ADDRESSES

•

PHYSICAL ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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The Address stays with the device regardless of

what Network the device is connected to.

A MAC address is 48 bits (12 Digits) & can be

represented in one of the three HEXADECIMAL

formats.

Hyphen

-

Hexadecimal Notation

or

Colon

-

Hexadecimal Notation

or

Period

-

Hexadecimal Notation

00

-

0C

-

F5

-

09

-

56

-

E8

or

00:0C:F5:09:56:E8

or

00.0C.F5.09.56.E8

MAC ADDRESSES

•

PHYSICAL ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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MAC ADDRESS:

00:0C:F5:09:56:E8

Made up of TWO Parts:

Organisational Unique Identifier

(OUI) and

The

Vendor

-

Assigned A

ddress

(or NIC

Specific Location)

Full 48 Bits as a 12

-

digit value

MAC ADDRESSES

•

PHYSICAL ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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00:0C:F5:

09:56:E8

Full 48 Bits as a 12

-

digit value

OUI

(Vender)

VAA

(Serial Number)

Media Access Control Address

MAC ADDRESSES

•

PHYSICAL ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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Think of a MAC ADDRESS like a STATIC

(Unchanging) address,

If you do you will be able to recognise specific

manufacturers from their MAC Addresses.

MAC ADDRESSES

•

PHYSICAL ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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00:0C:6E, 00:05:5D and 00:08:74

ALL belong TO different venders, but who?

i.e.

MAC ADDRESSES

•

PHYSICAL ADDRESS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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Objectives

•

LO2

-

Understand numerical skills for network addressing

•2.1 Identify the characteristics of common (IP) addresses

•2.3 Apply subnetting to different IP addresses

✓2.2 Apply binary conversion and arithmetic & MAC addresses

NETWORK ADDRESSING

T R A I N E R R E S O U R C E

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Part 1

DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT (IPV4)
CLASSES A-E (IPV4)
PUBLIC & PRIVATE ADDRESS RANGES (IPV4)
RESERVED RANGES (IPV4)

Part 2

IP V6

Part 3

SUBNET MASKS (IPV4)
SUBNETTING (IPV4)

NETWORK ADDRESSING

-

Overview

IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON (IP) ADDRESSES:

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IP stands for Internet Protocol

Internet Protocols,

are a section of rules specifically written for the internet

,

rules which encompass IP Addressing.

WHAT IS IP?

IP VERSION 4

•

IP

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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WHAT IS AN IP ADDRESS?

An

IP

Address

is the number assigned to a

network

equipped device by which other

devices are able to identify it.

A single IP address identifies both a network,

and a unique device on that network.

IP VERSION 4

•

IP

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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▪

These four blocks of numbers are known as octets.

▪

Each octet is separated by a single dot.

▪

As we can see above IPV4 has three of them, this we call, the…

DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT

IP VERSION 4

•

DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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IP VERSION 4

•

Network Prefixes

NETWORK ADDRESSING

An IPv4 address provides two pieces of information encoded within the same value:

• The network number (network ID) is common to all hosts on the same IP network.
• The host number (host ID) identifies a host within a particular IP network.

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A

B

C

D

E

255

0

Class B:

128 – 191

Class A:

0 – 127

Class C:

192 – 223

Class
D+E:

Reserved

224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255 Multicast (Used for creating groups to send information to a specific collection of clients that want it)

240 .0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255 experimental

1

bit

1

bit

1

bit

1

bit

1

bit

1

bit

1

bit

1

bit

IP VERSION 4

•

ADDRESS SPACE

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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IP VERSION 4

•

Leading Bit Pattern

NETWORK ADDRESSING

Class A

0

–

127

0

.

.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

128networks, each of which can have a maximum of 16,777,216 (-2)hosts (2^24).

Class B

128

–

191

.

16,384networks, each of which can have a maximum of 65,536 (-2)hosts (2^16).

Class C

192

–

223

.

2,097,152networks, each of which can have a maximum of256 (-2) hosts (2^8).

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IP VERSION 4

•

IPv4 Forwarding

NETWORK ADDRESSING

If the masked portions of the source and destination IP addresses match, then the destination
interface/device is assumed to be on the same IP network or subnet.

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IP VERSION 4

•

IPv4 Forwarding

NETWORK ADDRESSING

If the masked portion does not match, the host assumes that the packet must be routed to
another IP network.

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Class C:

IP VERSION 4

•

DEFAULT PRIVATE RANGES

NETWORK ADDRESSING

The IPv4 address scheme defines certain ranges as reserved for private addressing, often called "RFC 1918".

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IANA

–

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

127.0.0.1

-

127.255.255.255

(Entire range reserved for Loop back)

169.254.0.0

–

169.254.255.255

(Reserved for local link local/APIPA)

Class D

224

–

239.255.255.255

(Reserved for Multicast)

Class E

240

–

255.255.255.255

(Reserved for experimental, used for Research)

0.0.0.0

(Address used to communicate with the local network)

IP VERSION 4

•

RESERVED RANGES

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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Broadcast

Gateway

The broadcast address for a subnet must
account for the part of the address that is

reserved for the subnet.

Is a special Internet Protocol address that
enables transmission to every node/client

within a given network. This address is

typically the highest numeric value of the

address range being used.

Broadcast addresses are used to facilitate
message broadcasting to each client on a

given network.

Probably the simplest way to understand it is to

think of the gateway as an intermediary or

middleman between your internal network and

the World Wide Web.

It is essential for transmitting information from

the local subnet to other subnets, and vice-

versa.

The gateway address is typically the lowest

address in its scope/range.

There will only ever be one default gateway

visible to a client at any time, even when

subnetting, each subnet will have their own.

RESERVED

•

GATEWAY/NETWORK & BROADCAST

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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Part 1

DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT (IPV4)
CLASSED A-E (IPV4)
PUBLIC & PRIVATE ADDRESS RANGES (IPV4)
RESERVED RANGES (IPV4)

Part 2

IP V6

Part 3

SUBNET MASKS (IPV4)
SUBNETTING (IPV4)

NETWORK ADDRESSING

-

Overview

IDENTIFY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMON (IP) ADDRESSES:

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2001

:

0DB8

:

AC10

:

FE01

:

0000

:

0000

:

0000

:

0000

192

.

168

.

0

.

1

32 binary bits

128 binary bits

OCTET . OCTET . OCTET . OCTET

HEXTET : HEXTET : HEXTET : HEXTET : HEXTET : HEXTET : HEXTET : HEXTET

IP Version 4 v 6

•

COMPARISON

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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IPv6 ADDRESS: 2001 : 0DB8 : AC10 : FE01

: 0000 : 0000 : 0000 : 0000

IPv6 is the

latest

generation of IP addresses

It uses HEXADECIMAL separated by colon’s to represent its IP Addresses

IPv6 is Capable of therefore, producing 340 Undecillion IPv6 Addresses

That’s a number with 36 zeros after it!!!

340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

If IPv6 shared out that number to everyone on the planet it would work out to

43,482,243,077,950,675,215,562,903,594.7

each Or, about a hundred to each atom on earth.

Where IPv4 was limited to 32bits,

IPv6 is 128 bits long

IP Version 6

•

DEFINITION

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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2001

:

0DB8

:

AC10

:

FE01

:

0000

:

0000

:

0000

:

0000

EACH HEXADECIMAL CHARACTER IS MADE UP OF 4 BINARY BITS

8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0

0010 0000 0000 0001

0000

11

01

1

011

1

000

1

010

11

00

000

1

0

000

11

11

1110

0000

0

001

0000

000

0

0000

0

000

0000

000

0

0000

0

000

0000

000

0

0000

0

000

0000

000

0

0000

0

000

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.

0000

-

0001

-

0010

-

0011

-

0100

-

0101

-

0110

-

0111

-

1000

-

1001

-

1010

-

1011

-

1100

-

1101

-

1110

-

1111

IP Version 6

•

ADDRESS SPACE

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2

001:0fb8:0f00:

0000:ff00:ff42:0029

45 BITS

16 BITS

64 BITS

Global Routing Prefix

Subnet ID

Client ID

fe02

:

The IPv6 address consists mainly of two 64-bit segments where the first 64 bits are classified as

the network part, and the last 64 bits are classified as the client ID.

The first 64 bits are further broken down as follows…

Network Portion (64 bits)

Host/interface Portion (64 bits)

3

BITS

Address
Prefix

IP Version 6

•

NETWORK & HOST

NETWORK ADDRESSING

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The 3 following address types exist in the IPv6 ecosystem: Unicast, Multicast & Anycast

Global Unicast Address:

Unique local Address:

2001::/16

fd00::/8

Is an address that is routable on the internet, this
may also begin with a 3.

This is the equivalent to the private ranges of IPv4
and are not routable on the internet.

The Unicast address type is probably the most important one, although we will cover them all.

Unicast distinguishes itself by these sub-type addresses:

Link Local Address:

fe80::/10

Auto generated for each interface, not routable on
the internet, it is essentially APIPA from IPV4 only
it can include the router.

IP Version 6

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UNICAST

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Multicast is the technique used to send a packet from one source (or multiple sources) to
multiple destinations (receivers) at a time.

The multicast address range is ff00::/8, the first 8 bits are always ff (in binary 1111 1111).

The Anycast address behaves similarly to the Multicast address, except for the following.

A packet sent from a client goes to a single selected destination (the closest one to the sender) and not to
the whole group identified by the same destination (network) address, all devices have the same anycast
address, so should one fail then next closest is used.

A server sends out a digital video stream to a multicast group of

clients that all want to view the same content.

A client sends out an email on an IPV6 network, as it uses anycast
the email is sent through the first (closest) available email server.

IP Version 6

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MULTICAST & ANYCAST

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Initial address:

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329

After removing all leading zeros in each group:

2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329

After omitting consecutive sections of zeros:

2001:db8::ff00:42:8329

The double colon abbreviation rule can only be used once and must always be to

the left most contiguous group in an address.

IP Version 6

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ABBREVIATION RULES

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ABBRIEVIATION RULES

Convert The Following Into Abbreviated Format

2001:0fb8:0f00:00f0:0000:ff00:ff42:0029

2001:fb8:f00:f0:0:ff00:ff42:29

IP Version 6

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Greater security : •

Integrated security (IPsec) and Quality Of Service,

•

Reduced size of the routing tables,

More efficient routing:

Simplified Network Configuration:

•

Address auto-configuration (SLAAC) is built into IPv6 so no
need for DHCP v6, although there is support for it,

Support for new services: •

NAT is no longer needed, true “End to End” connectivity is now
possible in IPv6,

Directed Data Streams: •

Support for multicast rather than broadcast.

IPV6 should never need to have subnetting applied, although it does support it.

Does not use Subnet masks: •

Uses Classless inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation instead.

IP Version 6

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BENEFITS

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Objectives

•

LO2

-

Understand numerical skills for network addressing

✓ 2.1 Identify the characteristics of common (IP) addresses

✓ 2.2 Apply binary conversion and arithmetic

•2.3 Apply subnetting to different IP addresses

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APPLY SUBNETTING TO DIFFERENT IP ADDRESSES:

Part 1

•DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT (IPV4)

•CLASSED A-E (IPV4)

•PUBLIC & PRIVATE ADDRESS RANGES (IPV4)

•RESERVED RANGES (IPV4)

Part 2

•IP V6

Part 3

•SUBNET MASKS (IPV4)

•SUBNETTING (IPV4)

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….Devices are said to be within the same
subnet if the

network portions of their IP

address are all identical, with only the host

portion that is dissimilar…

that is

almost

always true……

SUBNET MASKS

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PREFACE

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Net-masks are used to identify the network
on which an

IPV4 based device is a part of.

The mask is used in conjunction with the IP

by routers to identify the broadcast network

its traffic belongs to.

SUBNET MASKS

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IPV4

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An IPv4 address provides two pieces of information encoded within the
same value:

❖ The network number (network ID) is common to all hosts on the same IP network.

❖ The host number (host ID) identifies a host within a particular IP network.

These two components within a single IP address are distinguished by
combining the address with a network mask.

NETWORK PREFIXES 1/2

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IPV4

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NETWORK PREFIXES 2/2

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IPv4

NETWORK ADDRESSING

A prefix is a 32-bit value with a given number of contiguous bits all set to 1.

For example, a prefix with 24 bits is the following binary value:

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

This can be written in slash notation in the form /24.

The prefix can also be expressed in dotted decimal as a subnet mask:

255.255.255.0

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Class A

–

255

.

0

. 0

.

0

Class B

–

255

.

255

.

0

.

0

Class C

–

255

.

255

.

255

.

0

11111111

. 00000000 . 00000000 . 00000000

11111111 . 11111111

. 00000000 . 00000000

11111111 . 11111111 . 11111111

. 00000000

SUBNET MASKS

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DEFAULT MASKS

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255

.

0

. 0

.

0

10

.

10

. 51

.

104

11111111 .

00000000 . 00000000 . 00000000

SUBNET MASKS

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CLASS A EXAMPLE

NETWORK ADDRESSING

/8

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255

.

255

.

0 .

0

172

.

16

. 51

.

104

11111111 . 11111111 .

0000000 . 00000000

SUBNET MASKS

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CLASS B EXAMPLE

NETWORK ADDRESSING

/16

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255

.

255

. 255

.

0

192

.

168

. 1

.

104

11111111

. 11111111 . 11111111

.

00000000

SUBNET MASKS

•

CLASS C EXAMPLE

NETWORK ADDRESSING

/24

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The IP address classes we have looked at so

far have all had a

/

and a number after it.

Either

8

,

16

or

24

This is a mask that is used in IPV4 to

determine which network an IP address may

be found on.

SUBNET MASKS

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ALTERNATIVE

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Example Address: 12.168.1.20

Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

Example Address: 192.168.255.254

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Example Address: 128.168.255.77

Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

Example Address: 127.1.251.79

Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

Example Address: 10.1.251.79

Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0

Example Address: 191.168.0.7

Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

Example Address: 169.254.0.7

Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0

SUBNET MASKS

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EXAMPLES

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Private IP addressing, allows us to

Choose

the private IP

Range

and

the

Mask

to go with it.

How do we choose the mask?

Well, we base our decision on the number of hosts that are required to

communicate with each other on our private/internal/broadcast networks.

SUBNET MASKS

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APPLY SUBNETTING TO DIFFERENT IP ADDRESSES:

Part 1

•DOTTED DECIMAL FORMAT (IPV4)

•CLASSED A-E (IPV4)

•PUBLIC & PRIVATE ADDRESS RANGES (IPV4)

•RESERVED RANGES (IPV4)

Part 2

•IP V6

Part 3

•SUBNET MASKS (IPV4)

•SUBNETTING (IPV4)

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The process of dividing a network into smaller

network sections is called

subnetting.

This can be useful for many different purposes

and helps isolate groups of hosts together,
allowing us to deal with them more easily.

IPV4

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OVERVIEW

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Each IP address has a ‘NETWORK’ portion and a ‘HOST’ Portion

We divide up the Host portion of the address in order to create

smaller (Sub) networks.

This, we will be going over next ….

IPV4

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OVERVIEW

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Was introduced IPV4 way back in 1984 before an ISP was a thing.

This, as we discussed was in an attempt to reduce the waste associated with the IP address classes

192.168.1.

40

/24

The slash (CIDR) notation as depicted by the

/

24

above is referencing the first

3

octets or bytes.

We also discussed the 3 private network ranges, each with a very different host size portion.

11

000000.

1

0

1

0

1

000.0000000

1

.00101000

11

111111.

1

1

1

1

1

111.1111111

1

.00000000

The idea of subnetting is to take that host portion of the private IP address, and evenly divide

that up into smaller predetermined blocks of addresses making them easier to manage.

IPV4

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PREFACE

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We have really flexible hosts, host that don’t mind sharing bits.

11111111

11111111

11111111

11111 000

/29 bits

By that I mean we steal borrow some of the bits that live in their portion of the IP address,
and use them to create a new network or networks from them.

The more we borrow, the more networks we can create.

Network identifier

Network identifier

Host identifier

Host

identifier

Subnet
identifier

11111111

11111111

11111111

00000000

IP address lives above the mask

Before Subnetting

After Subnetting

Bits

Bits

/24 bits

Class C

IPV4

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If we look at the chart above, the bottom row signifies the bit placement along with its denary/decimal
value, this we have seen many times.

With the largest value being the one on the left, this is known as the MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT

It stands to reason that the lowest value or LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT is found on the right.

Why do we need to know this?

Well when we subnet we borrow from the left, the most significant bit (closest to the network) &
any additional bit we borrow is simply added to the first.

The bit (decimal) values are used to calculate the new (replacement) net-mask (now a
subnet mask) by adding the bits we have borrowed together.

These are the values found in the top row.

IPV4

•

SIGNIFICANCE OF BITS

NETWORK ADDRESSING

Extra Content

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

New mask

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With each bit we borrow we split/multiply the network by two, you could say, and you

would be right, that we double the number of networks we end up with.

The cool thing is, the least significant (lowest value bit) of the bit or bits we have borrowed will
determine the block sizes of our new networks (more on that shortly).

To simplify the adding process, remember that the topmost row is just the decimal sum of any bit

(or bits) we need to borrow, which in turn becomes the new subnetwork mask.

This tells the router to route traffic to the new (now sub-netted) networks.

IPV4

•

PRINCIPLES

NETWORK ADDRESSING

Extra Content

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

New mask

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SUBNETTING

IN5

SIMPLE STEPS

1. Determine the IP class so as to calculate your starting
network bits.

2. Determine how many subnets you need?

3. Count out the number of host bits borrowed until you
have the amount or just over the required amount you need.

4. Calculate the new mask from the chart above.

5. Confirm you still have enough host bits for clients.

IPV4

•

THE 5 STEP METHOD

NETWORK ADDRESSING

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

New mask

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128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

Decipher the IP class so as to know how many network bits
it has to begin with.

192.168.1.40

Lets look at the classes again

A 0-127

B 128-191

C 192-223

/24

Correct, class C, but what is the slash notation for it?

255.255.255.0

Step 1

New mask

what does slash notation refer to?

•

STEP 1 OF 5

NETWORK ADDRESSING

IPV4

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128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

192.168.1.40

/24

255.255.255.0

Step 2

Determine the requirement, so the question is how many
subnets do we need?

Lets just assume we need 15 separate networks

IPV4

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STEP 2 OF 5

NETWORK ADDRESSING

New mask

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128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

192.168.1.40

/24

Step 3

We work out how many bits we need to borrow

2, 4, 8, 16

To do this we simply count them out, starting with 2 and
doubling each time until we either land on the required
number or exceed it.

It can help by drawing a line on the chart above.

IPV4

•

STEP 3 OF 5

NETWORK ADDRESSING

255.255.255.0

New mask

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255.255.255.

128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

192.168.1.40

Step 4

We need to determine the new subnet mask.

Add decimal values of all bits borrowed to determine the new subnet mask.

=

240

240

While we are at it, lets add those 4 borrowed bits to the
existing 24 we had already to give us a new / notation…

/28

24 bits

+

4 bits

=

28 bits

/24

IPV4

•

STEP 4 OF 5

NETWORK ADDRESSING

New mask

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128

192

224

240

248

252

254

255

128

64

32

16

8

4

2

1

Bit value

192.168.1.40

/28

Step 5

Next we need to look at how many host bits we have left over,
a network is not a network unless we can assign addresses
to devices.

2, 4, 8, 16 - Host addresses

So lets count out the bits we are have left.

Each network needs a network address & a broadcast address
so we will have to deduct 2 addresses from the range.

14 hosts per network

IPV4

•

STEP 5 OF 5

NETWORK ADDRESSING

255.255.255.

240

New mask

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It allows us to know ahead of time the number of host IP addresses within a given network range

Network address

Usable IP Range

Broadcast address

192.168.1.0

192.168.1.

192.168.1.16

192.168.1.

192.168.1.32

192.168.1.

This is the number that we identified earlier, it is technically called the block size, it is
the bit positions decimal value.

For Example: It will always give us the gateway IP addresses of the subnets, and if we also remember that we
will only have the use of this number less two we will also know scope.

Block size

16

Rules:

➢ The useable address space must allow for the Networkaddress as well as the Broadcast address -2.

➢ Networks only work if we have an address space for hosts.

➢ Remember that subnets typically start with EVEN numbers and subnet end in ODD.

15

1 - 14

31

17 - 30

47

33 - 46

IPV4

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BLOCK SIZES & CONTEXT

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