EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER Lesson 03

EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER

• පරිශීලකයන්කිහිපෙදෙනකුවිසින්පර්යන්ත (TERMINALS) කිහිපයක්මගින්මධ්‍ය

පරිගණකයහාදතත්හාෙතාරතුරැහුවමාරැකරනපරිගණක

අන්තර්ජාලයහරහාගනුෙදනුකටයුතුකරනආයතන

TECHNOLOGICAL ERAS

•DISTINCT PERIODS IN HUMAN HISTORY CHARACTERIZED BY MAJOR
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AND INNOVATIONS THAT HAVE
SIGNIFICANTLY INFLUENCED SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND THE
ECONOMY. HERE’S AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN TECHNOLOGICAL
ERAS:

PREHISTORIC ERA (BEFORE 3000 BCE)

• KEY TECHNOLOGIES:

• STONE TOOLS (E.G., HAND AXES, BLADES).

• CONTROL OF FIRE.

• BASIC AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (AROUND 10,000 BCE).

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS FOR HUNTING, GATHERING, AND LATER FARMING.

• FORMATION OF EARLY SOCIETIES AND THE BEGINNINGS OF SETTLED LIFE.

AGRICULTURAL ERA (3000 BCE – 1700 CE)

• KEY TECHNOLOGIES:

• The plow, irrigation systems, and crop rotation.

• Domestication of animals.

• Development of writing systems (e.G., Cuneiform, hieroglyphics).

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• Shift from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture.

• Rise of civilizations, trade, and social hierarchies.

• Innovations in governance and law.

INDUSTRIAL ERA (1700 – 1900)

• KEY TECHNOLOGIES:

• STEAM ENGINE, MECHANIZED TEXTILE PRODUCTION, AND IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING.

• TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS (E.G., RAILROADS AND STEAMSHIPS).

• COMMUNICATION ADVANCEMENTS (E.G., THE TELEGRAPH).

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• MASS PRODUCTION AND THE FACTORY SYSTEM.

• URBANIZATION AND MIGRATION TO CITIES FOR WORK.

• SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL CHANGES, INCLUDING LABOR MOVEMENTS AND CHANGES IN CLASS

STRUCTURES.

ELECTRICAL ERA (LATE 1800S – 1950S)

• KEY TECHNOLOGIES:

•Electric power generation and distribution.

•Inventions such as the telephone, radio, and electric lighting.

•Advances in transportation (e.G., Automobiles and airplanes).

• CHARACTERISTICS:

•Widespread adoption of electrical power in homes and industries.

•Transformation of communication and transportation.

•The emergence of consumer culture.

INFORMATION ERA (1950S – PRESENT)

• KEY TECHNOLOGIES:

• Development of computers, the internet, and digital communication technologies.

• Mobile devices and smartphones.

• Advancements in data storage and processing (e.G., Cloud computing, big data).

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• Shift from industrial production to information-based economies.

• Global connectivity through the internet and social media.

• Emphasis on knowledge, data, and information management.

DIGITAL ERA (1990S – PRESENT)

• KEY TECHNOLOGIES:

• Personal computers, the world wide web, and social media platforms.

• Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and automation technologies.

• The internet of things (iot) and blockchain technology.

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• Pervasive digital technology influencing daily life, work, and communication.

• Rapid innovation cycles and technological disruption in various industries.

• A focus on sustainability and ethical considerations in technology use.

FUTURE TECHNOLOGICAL ERA (21ST CENTURY AND

BEYOND)

• POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES:

•Advances in biotechnology, quantum computing, and space exploration.
•Augmented reality (ar) and virtual reality (vr) applications.
•Sustainable technologies and renewable energy innovations.

• CHARACTERISTICS:

•Ongoing integration of technology into every aspect of life.
•Ethical considerations surrounding ai, privacy, and security.
•Potential challenges such as climate change and resource management.

•1. Pre-mechanical age (before 1450).

•2. Mechanical age (1450 to 1840).

•3. Electromechanical era (1840 to 1940).

•4. Information age (1940 to present).

Abacus

Pre-mechanical age

• AN ABACUS IS A SIMPLE TOOL USED TO MAKE ONE'S

WORK EASIER.

• IT IS SAID THAT THIS DEVICE HAS BEEN USED BY

VARIOUS NATIONS OF THE WORLD TO PERFORM
MATHEMATICAL WORKS SINCE AROUND 3000 BC.

MECHANICAL AGE

NAPIER’S BONES

• IN 1617, JOHN NAPIER, A SCOTSMAN, REVEALED THE

THEORY OF LOGARITHMS TO THE WORLD.

• THE PROCESS OF MULTIPLYING NUMBERS CAN EASILY

BE CONVERTED TO A PROCESS USING LOGARITHMS.
THAT METHOD WILL BE USED FOR THIS.

ADDING MACHINE

• In the year 1642, blaise pascal, a french

mathematician, created the adding machine
that made mathematical operations even
easier.

• Using this device, addition and subtraction can

be done easily.

STEP RECKONER

• The step reckoner (also known as stepped reckoner) was

an early mechanical calculator invented by gottfried
wilhelm leibniz in 1672.

• It was a significant development in the history

of computing because it was the first machine

• that could perform all four basic arithmetic

operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division.

DIFFERENCE ENGINE

• THE DIFFERENCE ENGINE Was an early mechanical

calculator designed by charles babbage in the 1820s.

• It was intended to automatically calculate and print

mathematical tables, particularly those used in
navigation and engineering.

• The difference engine is significant because it represents

one of the earliest examples of a machine designed to
carry out complex calculations automatically, laying the
foundation for modern computing.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE

•The analytical engine, conceived by
charles babbage around 1833, is
widely regarded as the first design for
a general-purpose computer.

• Punch cards, originally used in weaving looms,

contained patterns of holes that could be
interpreted by machines to control processes.
Babbage adapted this idea to his analytical
engine,

• Allowing the machine to read

instructions from punch cards,
similar to how modern computers
read software instructions. This
innovative

concept

laid

the

groundwork for modern computing,
as it introduced the idea of
programmable machines that could
execute multiple tasks based on
input instructions.

THE FATHER OF THE

COMPUTER

• ITS DESIGN INCLUDED MANY FEATURES FOUND IN

MODERN COMPUTERS, SUCH AS AN ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT (ALU), MEMORY, AND CONDITIONAL
BRANCHING

• DUE TO THE USE OF THESE TECHNOLOGIES, HE IS

KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF THE COMPUTER.

ELECTROMECHANICAL
ERA (1840 TO 1940).

• ALSO KNOWN AS THE IBM AUTOMATIC SEQUENCE

CONTROLLED CALCULATOR (ASCC)

• . It became operational in 1944 at harvard

university and was one of the first large-scale
computers in the world.

HOWARDY EKAN ( MARK 1)

1939

ELECTROMECHANICAL

DESIGN:

• The mark I used a combination of mechanical

and electrical components to perform
calculations. It relied on mechanical relays and
rotating switches to process data and
instructions.

• SIZE:

•The machine was enormous, measuring
about 51 feet long, 8 feet tall, and
weighing around 5 tons. It had over
750,000 components, including miles of
wiring.

• CAPABILITIES:

• The mark I could perform calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. It

could also handle more complex tasks like logarithms and trigonometric functions. Despite being slow
compared to modern standards, it could carry out long sequences of calculations automatically.

•

• INPUT/OUTPUT:

• The machine used punched paper tape as input and output, similar to earlier punch card systems.

• SIGNIFICANCE:

• The mark I was a critical step in the development of computers. It was one of the first machines that

could solve long, repetitive calculations without human intervention, and it helped pioneer ideas in
programming and automation.

ATANASOFF BERRY

COMPUTER -ABC

• THE ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC) WAS ONE

OF THE EARLIEST ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTERS,
DEVELOPED BETWEEN 1937 AND 1942 BY JOHN
ATANASOFF AND HIS GRADUATE ASSISTANT
CLIFFORD BERRY AT IOWA STATE COLLEGE (NOW
IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY).

ATANASOFF BERRY

COMPUTER -ABC

• Though it was not a fully general-purpose

computer

and

did

not

incorporate

programmability,

it

introduced

several

groundbreaking concepts that influenced later
computers, especially the ENIAC.

• ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS:

THE ABC WAS ONE OF THE FIRST MACHINES TO USE
VACUUM TUBES TO PERFORM LOGICAL OPERATIONS,
WHICH ENABLED FASTER CALCULATIONS COMPARED
TO MECHANICAL CALCULATORS.

• BINARY SYSTEM:

THE ABC OPERATED USING A BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM (1S AND 0S), RATHER THAN THE MORE
COMMON DECIMAL SYSTEM USED IN EARLIER
CALCULATORS. THIS WAS A CRUCIAL INNOVATION, AS
BINARY LOGIC FORMS THE BASIS OF MODERN
COMPUTER SYSTEMS.

• NO STORED PROGRAM:

Unlike later computers, the ABC did not store a program in
memory. Instead, it was designed to execute a specific task
(solving linear equations) and was not programmable in the
way that later machines like the ENIAC or mark I would be.

• CAPACITOR MEMORY:

The ABC used a rotating drum with capacitors to store
information, functioning as an early form of memory. This was
an important step toward developing electronic storage
systems.

• PARALLEL PROCESSING:

The ABC was capable of performing operations on multiple
numbers simultaneously, a technique known as parallel
processing, which improved calculation speed.

OPERATION:

• THE ABC COULD HANDLE SYSTEMS OF UP TO 29

SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS.

•It used punched cards to input data and
to control the operations, but it lacked a
display system or output like printed
results. The results had to be manually
interpreted from the machine's state.

INNOVATIONS

• VACUUM TUBE LOGIC:

The ABC was one of the first computers to use vacuum tubes for both
computation (arithmetic and logic operations) and control, a major
advancement over earlier mechanical and electromechanical calculators that
relied on gears and relays.

• DIGITAL COMPUTATION:

The ABC laid the groundwork for digital computing by using binary
logic and performing calculations electronically rather than
mechanically.

• REGENERATIVE MEMORY:

The rotating drum used by the ABC for memory was an early
precursor to later forms of electronic storage, though it had limited
capacity.

ELECTRIC AGE

(1940 TO PRESENT)

•The electric age, spanning from the
1940s to the present, refers to the
period when electricity and electronic
technologies

transformed

society,

economy, and daily life.

• VACUUM TUBE ERA (1930S - 1950S):

• VACUUM TUBES WERE THE FIRST MAJOR ELECTRONIC

COMPONENT USED IN EARLY COMPUTERS. THEY
CONTROLLED ELECTRIC CURRENT AND WERE USED IN
CIRCUITS FOR SWITCHING AND AMPLIFICATION.

FIRST GENERATION

COMPUTERS
1940-1955

• First generation computers refer to the earliest

computing machines developed during the late
1940s and 1950s.

• These computers were characterized by their

use of vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory.

• They marked the beginning of modern

computing but were large, slow, and less
efficient by today’s standards.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS
OF FIRST GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• VACUUM TUBES:

• Vacuum tubes were used as the primary technology for the

circuitry and switching of electronic signals.

• These tubes controlled the flow of electrical signals but were

large, fragile, and generated a lot of heat, often leading to
frequent breakdowns.

• SIZE AND HEAT:

• First generation computers were enormous in size, often taking

up entire rooms. They consumed a lot of power and generated
significant heat, requiring elaborate cooling systems.

• INPUT/OUTPUT:

• Input was primarily through punch cards and paper tape, and

output was usually displayed on printouts. There were no
monitors or interactive interfaces as we have today.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS
OF FIRST GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• MACHINE LANGUAGE:

• Programming was done in machine language, the

lowest-level programming language, which involved binary
code (0s and 1s). This made programming extremely
difficult and prone to errors.

• MEMORY AND STORAGE:

• Data was stored on magnetic drums and later magnetic

tapes. Memory capacity was quite limited, making the
computers slow in terms of data processing.

• SLOW PROCESSING SPEED:

• First generation computers were much slower compared to

later generations, capable of performing thousands of
calculations per second, as opposed to billions in modern
computers.

EXAMPLES OF FIRST

GENERATION
COMPUTERS:

• ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL

INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER):

ENIAC (ELECTRONIC

NUMERICAL

INTEGRATOR AND

COMPUTER):

• BUILT BETWEEN 1943 AND 1945 BY JOHN PRESPER

ECKERT AND JOHN MAUCHLY, ENIAC IS CONSIDERED
THE FIRST GENERAL-PURPOSE ELECTRONIC DIGITAL
COMPUTER.

• IT CONTAINED NEARLY 18,000 VACUUM TUBES,

WEIGHED 30 TONS, AND CONSUMED VAST AMOUNTS
OF ELECTRICITY.

• ENIAC WAS INITIALLY DESIGNED FOR MILITARY

PURPOSES, CALCULATING ARTILLERY FIRING TABLES
DURING WORLD WAR II.

UNIVAC I

(UNIVERSAL
AUTOMATIC
COMPUTER):

• DEVELOPED IN 1951, THE UNIVAC I WAS THE

FIRST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE COMPUTER
IN THE UNITED STATES.

• IT WAS FAMOUSLY USED TO PREDICT THE

OUTCOME OF THE 1952 U.S. PRESIDENTIAL
ELECTION AND COULD HANDLE BOTH NUMBERS
AND ALPHABETIC DATA.

IBM 701:

• INTRODUCED BY IBM IN 1952, THIS WAS

IBM'S FIRST COMMERCIAL COMPUTER. IT
WAS

USED

FOR

SCIENTIFIC

CALCULATIONS AND HAD A SIGNIFICANT
INFLUENCE

ON

THE

COMMERCIAL

COMPUTER INDUSTRY.

IBM 650:

• RELEASED IN 1954, THE IBM 650 WAS A

POPULAR COMPUTER IN ITS TIME. IT WAS
THE FIRST COMPUTER TO BE WIDELY USED
IN BUSINESS AND ACADEMIA DUE TO ITS
RELATIVELY AFFORDABLE PRICE.

LIMITATIONS OF

FIRST GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• BULKY AND POWER-HUNGRY: THESE MACHINES WERE

HUGE AND CONSUMED AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF
POWER, MAKING THEM EXPENSIVE TO OPERATE.

• HIGH FAILURE RATES: VACUUM TUBES HAD A SHORT

LIFESPAN AND OFTEN FAILED, REQUIRING CONSTANT
MAINTENANCE.

• LIMITED PROGRAMMING FLEXIBILITY:

PROGRAMMING HAD TO BE DONE IN MACHINE
LANGUAGE, WHICH WAS TEDIOUS AND
ERROR-PRONE.

• SLOW AND LIMITED STORAGE: MEMORY CAPACITY

AND PROCESSING SPEED WERE VERY LIMITED
COMPARED TO FUTURE GENERATIONS.

LIMITATIONS OF

FIRST GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• • INCREASE IN VOLUME.

• INABILITY TO MOVE AROUND.

• OVERHEATING.

• HIGH POWER CONSUMPTION.

• LOSS OF RELIABILITY.

• HAVING TO BEAR MORE COSTS.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTERS

1956 -1963

INVENTION OF THE
TRANSISTOR (1947)

•THE TRANSISTOR WAS INVENTED AT
BELL LABS IN 1947 BY PHYSICISTS
JOHN BARDEEN, WALTER BRATTAIN,
AND WILLIAM SHOCKLEY.

•

THE TRANSISTOR ACTED AS A MUCH SMALLER AND
MORE EFFICIENT REPLACEMENT FOR VACUUM TUBES,
SERVING THE SAME PURPOSE OF SWITCHING AND
AMPLIFICATION IN CIRCUITS,

KEY ADVANTAGES:

•SIZE: TRANSISTORS WERE MUCH SMALLER THAN

VACUUM TUBES.

• MORE RELIABLE: THEY DIDN’T BURN OUT AS EASILY AS

VACUUM TUBES.

• LOWER POWER CONSUMPTION: TRANSISTORS

REQUIRED LESS ENERGY TO OPERATE.

• LESS HEAT: THEY GENERATED FAR LESS HEAT,

REDUCING THE NEED FOR EXTENSIVE COOLING
SYSTEMS.

TRANSISTOR-BASED

COMPUTERS

• IN THE 1950S, AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF

TRANSISTORS, COMPUTER ENGINEERS STARTED TO
REPLACE VACUUM TUBES WITH TRANSISTORS IN THE
DESIGN OF COMPUTERS.

THE FIRST COMPUTERS
TO USE TRANSISTORS

IBM 7090

• ONE OF THE FIRST COMPUTERS TO USE TRANSISTORS

INSTEAD OF VACUUM TUBES WAS THE IBM 7090,
INTRODUCED IN 1959. IT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY FASTER,
SMALLER, AND MORE RELIABLE THAN EARLIER
VACUUM-TUBE COMPUTERS.

IMPACT OF

TRANSISTORS:

• THE USE OF TRANSISTORS SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCED

THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTERS, LEADING TO:

• MINIATURIZATION:

COMPUTERS BECAME MUCH SMALLER,

SETTING THE STAGE FOR THE EVENTUAL
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL COMPUTERS.

• INCREASED SPEED AND PERFORMANCE:

TRANSISTORS ALLOWED FOR FASTER PROCESSING
SPEEDS AND GREATER COMPUTATIONAL POWER.

• COST REDUCTION:

TRANSISTOR-BASED COMPUTERS WERE CHEAPER TO
MANUFACTURE AND OPERATE COMPARED TO
VACUUM-TUBE MACHINES.

THE INVENTION OF

THE TRANSISTOR

• IS OFTEN CONSIDERED ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT

BREAKTHROUGHS IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY, AS IT
LAID THE FOUNDATION FOR THE ENTIRE ELECTRONICS
INDUSTRY, INCLUDING COMPUTERS, RADIOS,
TELEVISIONS, AND EVENTUALLY SMARTPHONES.

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTERS

(1963-1972)

INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS (IC)

• THESE COMPUTERS MARKED A SIGNIFICANT LEAP IN

TECHNOLOGY BECAUSE THEY WERE THE FIRST TO USE
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS), ALSO KNOWN AS
MICROCHIPS, INSTEAD OF TRANSISTORS.

JACK KILBY

ROBERT NOYCE

• JACK KILBY'S ORIGINAL HYBRID INTEGRATED

CIRCUIT FROM 1958. THIS WAS THE FIRST INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT, AND WAS MADE FROM GERMANIUM.

• ROBERT NOYCE

• ROBERT NOYCE

• INVENTED THE FIRST MONOLITHIC IC CHIP IN 1959. IT

WAS MADE FROM SILICON, AND
WAS FABRICATED USING JEAN HOERNI'S PLANAR
PROCESS AND MOHAMED M. ATALLA'S SURFACE
PASSIVATION PROCESS.

• IC WAS INVENTED BY JACK KILBY. THIS DEVELOPMENT

MADE COMPUTERS SMALLER IN SIZE, RELIABLE, AND
EFFICIENT. IN THIS GENERATION REMOTE PROCESSING,
TIME-SHARING, MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING
SYSTEM WERE USED. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
(FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 ETC.) WERE USED DURING THIS
GENERATION.

KEY CHARACTERISTICS

OF

THIRD-GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• SMALLER SIZE AND INCREASED POWER

• THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS WERE MUCH

SMALLER IN SIZE COMPARED TO EARLIER MODELS.

• THESE COMPUTERS WERE ALSO MORE POWERFUL,

• PERFORMING TASKS MORE QUICKLY AND

EFFICIENTLY,

• WITH HIGHER PROCESSING POWER AND STORAGE

CAPACITY.

INCREASED
RELIABILITY:

• INTEGRATED CIRCUITS REDUCED THE NUMBER OF

COMPONENTS NEEDED TO BUILD A COMPUTER,
WHICH LED TO FEWER POINTS OF FAILURE AND
INCREASED RELIABILITY.

• COMPUTERS WERE NOW MORE ROBUST, WITH FEWER

BREAKDOWNS AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS,
MAKING THEM SUITABLE FOR WIDER COMMERCIAL
AND INDUSTRIAL USE.

MULTIPROGRAMMING
AND TIME-SHARING:

• THIRD-GENERATION COMPUTERS INTRODUCED

MULTIPROGRAMMING AND TIME-SHARING
CAPABILITIES, WHICH ALLOWED MULTIPLE USERS AND
PROGRAMS TO RUN ON THE SAME MACHINE
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

• THIS FEATURE MADE COMPUTERS MUCH MORE

EFFICIENT AND CAPABLE OF HANDLING COMPLEX
TASKS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES, FROM SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH TO BUSINESS.

EMERGENCE OF

OPERATING

SYSTEMS:

• OPERATING SYSTEMS (OS) BECAME MORE

SOPHISTICATED DURING THIS PERIOD, ALLOWING FOR
BETTER MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES AND MULTIPLE
TASKS. IBM’S OS/360 WAS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT OPERATING SYSTEMS OF THIS
GENERATION, DESIGNED TO MANAGE ITS SYSTEM/360
MAINFRAME SERIES.

• THESE OPERATING SYSTEMS SUPPORTED BATCH

PROCESSING, MULTIPROGRAMMING, AND
TIME-SHARING, IMPROVING THE OVERALL
FUNCTIONALITY OF COMPUTERS.

· HIGHER-LEVEL
PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGES:

• THE USE OF HIGHER-LEVEL PROGRAMMING

LANGUAGES LIKE FORTRAN, COBOL, AND BASIC
BECAME MORE WIDESPREAD DURING THIS PERIOD,
MAKING PROGRAMMING MORE ACCESSIBLE TO
NON-EXPERTS.

• THESE LANGUAGES WERE MORE USER-FRIENDLY AND

ENABLED FASTER DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE
APPLICATIONS, CONTRIBUTING TO THE GROWTH OF
THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY.

EXAMPLES OF

THIRD-GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• IBM SYSTEM/360 (1964):

• A HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL MAINFRAME COMPUTER SERIES THAT

INTRODUCED THE CONCEPT OF A FAMILY OF COMPUTERS, ALL
COMPATIBLE WITH ONE ANOTHER, ALLOWING BUSINESSES TO
UPGRADE WITHOUT REWRITING SOFTWARE.

• HONEYWELL 6000 SERIES:

• ANOTHER THIRD-GENERATION MAINFRAME THAT COMPETED WITH

IBM, OFFERING TIME-SHARING AND BATCH PROCESSING
FEATURES.

• DEC PDP-8 AND PDP-11:

• THE PDP-8 WAS A SMALLER, MORE AFFORDABLE MINICOMPUTER

DEVELOPED BY DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION (DEC) THAT
BROUGHT COMPUTING TO SMALLER BUSINESSES AND
LABORATORIES.

• UNIVAC 1108:

• A SYSTEM BY UNIVAC THAT WAS ALSO BASED ON ICS, DESIGNED

FOR LARGE-SCALE SCIENTIFIC AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS.

IBM SYSTEM/360

• THE IBM SYSTEM/360 (S/360) IS A FAMILY

OF MAINFRAME COMPUTER SYSTEMS THAT WAS
ANNOUNCED BY IBM ON APRIL 7, 1964, AND
DELIVERED BETWEEN 1965 AND 1978.[1] IT WAS THE
FIRST FAMILY OF COMPUTERS DESIGNED TO COVER
THE COMPLETE RANGE OF APPLICATIONS, FROM SMALL
TO LARGE, BOTH COMMERCIAL AND SCIENTIFIC.

ADVANTAGES OF

THIRD-GENERATION

COMPUTERS:

• SMALLER AND CHEAPER THAN PREVIOUS

GENERATIONS DUE TO THE COMPACTNESS OF
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.

• FASTER PROCESSING SPEEDS WITH LESS POWER

CONSUMPTION.

• INCREASED RELIABILITY WITH FEWER HARDWARE

FAILURES.

• MULTIPROGRAMMING AND TIME-SHARING

CAPABILITIES ALLOWED MULTIPLE USERS TO WORK ON
A COMPUTER SIMULTANEOUSLY.

• IMPROVED HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

THROUGH MORE ADVANCED OPERATING SYSTEMS
AND BETTER SOFTWARE.

IBM 5100

• A PORTABLE COMPUTER IS A COMPUTER DESIGNED

TO BE EASILY[1] MOVED FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER
AND INCLUDED A DISPLAY AND KEYBOARD. THE FIRST
COMMERCIALLY SOLD PORTABLE WAS THE 50-POUND
(23 KG) IBM 5100, INTRODUCED 1975

CDC 7600
• THE CDC 7600 WAS THE SEYMOUR CRAY-DESIGNED

SUCCESSOR TO THE CDC 6600, EXTENDING CONTROL
DATA'S DOMINANCE OF THE SUPERCOMPUTER FIELD INTO
THE 1970S.[6] THE 7600 RAN AT 36.4 MHZ (27.5 NS CLOCK
CYCLE) AND HAD A 65 KWORD PRIMARY MEMORY (WITH
A 60-BIT WORD SIZE) USING MAGNETIC CORE AND
VARIABLE-SIZE (UP TO 512 KWORD) SECONDARY MEMORY
(DEPENDING ON SITE). IT WAS GENERALLY ABOUT TEN
TIMES AS FAST AS THE CDC 6600 AND COULD DELIVER
ABOUT 10 MFLOPS ON HAND-COMPILED CODE, WITH A
PEAK OF 36 MFLOPS

PDP-8

• THE PDP-8 IS A 12-BITMINICOMPUTER THAT WAS

PRODUCED BY DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION
(DEC). IT WAS THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL
MINICOMPUTER,

THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

1970-1990

• THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS,

DEVELOPED IN THE 1970S AND CONTINUING
THROUGH THE EARLY 1990S,

• INTRODUCED THE USE OF MICROPROCESSORS,

• WHICH MADE COMPUTERS SMALLER, FASTER, AND

MORE EFFICIENT.

KEY FEATURES

INCLUDE:

• MICROPROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY: CENTRAL

PROCESSING UNITS (CPUS) INTEGRATED ON A SINGLE
CHIP, SUCH AS INTEL'S 4004 IN 1971, AND LATER THE
INTEL 8086, ALLOWED FOR SMALLER, CHEAPER
COMPUTERS.

KEY FEATURES

INCLUDE:

• PERSONAL COMPUTERS: THIS ERA SAW THE RISE OF

PERSONAL COMPUTERS (PCS) LIKE THE IBM PC AND
APPLE II, BRINGING COMPUTERS INTO HOMES AND
BUSINESSES.

KEY FEATURES

INCLUDE:

• HIGHER-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

LANGUAGES LIKE C BECAME POPULAR, ALLOWING
MORE COMPLEX SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT.

KEY FEATURES

INCLUDE:

• IMPROVED STORAGE AND MEMORY:

• LARGER, MORE EFFICIENT MEMORY (RAM) AND

STORAGE (FLOPPY DISKS, HARD DRIVES) OPTIONS
BECAME WIDELY AVAILABLE.

SOME EXAMPLES OF
FOURTH-GENERATION

COMPUTER

• IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC) (1981) – ONE OF THE

MOST POPULAR AND ICONIC FOURTH-GENERATION
COMPUTERS, WIDELY USED IN HOMES AND
BUSINESSES.

SOME EXAMPLES OF
FOURTH-GENERATION

COMPUTER

• APPLE II (1977) – ONE OF THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL

PERSONAL COMPUTERS, USED IN SCHOOLS, HOMES,
AND OFFICES.

SOME EXAMPLES OF
FOURTH-GENERATION

COMPUTER

• COMMODORE 64 (1982) – AN AFFORDABLE AND

HIGHLY POPULAR HOME COMPUTER KNOWN FOR ITS
VERSATILITY AND EXTENSIVE SOFTWARE LIBRARY.

SOME EXAMPLES OF
FOURTH-GENERATION

COMPUTER

• INTEL 4004 AND 8086 PROCESSORS – WHILE NOT

STANDALONE COMPUTERS, THESE MICROPROCESSORS
POWERED MANY FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS,
SETTING THE STAGE FOR PERSONAL COMPUTING.

SOME EXAMPLES OF
FOURTH-GENERATION

COMPUTER

• ZX SPECTRUM (1982) – POPULAR IN EUROPE,

ESPECIALLY THE UK, THIS COMPUTER WAS KNOWN
FOR ITS ACCESSIBLE PRICE AND WIDE RANGE OF
SOFTWARE AND GAMES.

FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS

1980 -

THIS GENERATION IS
CHARACTERIZED BY

SEVERAL KEY

ADVANCEMENTS:

• FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS REFER TO A CONCEPT

THAT EMERGED IN THE 1980S,

• PRIMARILY DRIVEN BY JAPAN'S INITIATIVE TO DEVELOP

SUPERCOMPUTERS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
AND ADVANCED COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY.

• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE

LEARNING:

• PARALLEL PROCESSING:

• SUPERCONDUCTORS AND QUANTUM COMPUTING

(RESEARCH):

• HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION

• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) AND MACHINE

LEARNING: FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS ARE
DESIGNED TO HANDLE TASKS INVOLVING
REASONING, DECISION-MAKING, AND
PROBLEM-SOLVING.

• THEY ARE CAPABLE OF

• NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING,

• EXPERT SYSTEMS,

• AND ROBOTICS.

• PARALLEL PROCESSING: INSTEAD OF RELYING ON A

SINGLE PROCESSOR, FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTERS
USE MULTIPLE PROCESSORS SIMULTANEOUSLY TO
IMPROVE SPEED AND EFFICIENCY.

• SUPERCONDUCTORS AND QUANTUM COMPUTING

(RESEARCH): THESE TECHNOLOGIES ARE PART OF
ONGOING RESEARCH AIMED AT MAKING COMPUTERS
EXPONENTIALLY FASTER AND MORE POWERFUL.

• HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION: THESE

COMPUTERS ARE DESIGNED TO INTERACT WITH USERS
IN MORE INTUITIVE WAYS, SUCH AS VOICE
RECOGNITION, GESTURE CONTROL, AND MORE
IMMERSIVE INTERFACES.