2.3 Kingdoms & Crusades

KINGS &

CRUSADES

Chapter 2 Lesson3

Royal Power in England

◦ 800s- Vikings from Scandinavia attacked Britan, where the Angelo-Saxons founded many small kingdoms

◦ King Alfred of Wessex, later know as Alfred the Great untied the kingdom known "Angleland" or England

◦ Alfred ruled England form 871-899 C.E.

Multiple Choice

Who united Angleland?

• Alfred the Great

• William the Conqueror

• Vikings

• Anglo Saxons

William the Conqueror

◦ 1066- Anglo-Saxon king of England died with an heir.

◦ Noble named Harold Godwinson claimed English throne

◦ In France, WIlliam, Duke of Normandy claimed throne; gathered troops & asked Pope to support his claim to England;

Pope gave support and excommunicated Harold

◦ 1066- William and his army landed in England; defeated Harold's soldiers; became king and known as William the

Conqueror

◦ Knights given fiefs and swore loyalty to William

◦ Norman and Anglo-Saxon nobles gradually combined languages into new English language

◦ Anglo-Saxons resisted Williams's rule and revolted; Wiliam seized land and gave to Norman knights

◦ William wanted to learn about new kingdom and carried out first census since Roman times; counted every person and

farm animal in England and recorded in Domesday Book

◦ Officials and nobles spoke French; built castles, cathedrals, and monasteries; as time passed there was a blending of

Norman and Anglo-Saxon into new English culture

Multiple Choice

William wanted to know as much as possible about his new kingdom, so he carried out the first census since Roman times. It was published in __.

• Magna Carta

• Great Charter

• The Book of Roger

• Domesday Book

Multiple Choice

Which European noble conquered England in 1066

• Anglo Saxons

• Vikings

• William the Conqueror

• Alfred the Great

Henry II

◦ 1154-1189, King Henry II ruled England, most of Wales and Ireland; was also a feudal lord in France and

Scotland; wife was Eleanor of Aquitaine

◦ Henry II- set up royal court with lawyers & judges: circuit judges- traveled across the country to hear cases &

brought kings law to all parts of England

◦ Courts created common law throughout the whole kingdom to unite all

◦ Habeas corpus- an order to bring a jailed person before a judge to find out whether that person should

actually be in jail (1200s)

◦ Grand Jury-(Traveling circuit judges) to decide if people should be accused of a crime

◦ Trial Jury- decided whether a person was innocent or guilty

◦ Henry claimed he had the right to punish clergymen in royal courts. Ex.- Thomas Becket, Archbishop of

Canterbury disagreed and argued that only Catholic church courts could try clergymen; Henry was furious and
four of Henry’s knights killed Becket and public was outraged, so Henry backed down

Multiple Select

King Henry set up royal courts of law. What were three new laws/courts were established?

• habeas corpus

• travel jury

• grand jury

• trial jury

The Magna Carta and Parliament

◦ 1199- King John increased taxes in England and punished his enemies without trials

◦ Nobles began to rebel

◦ 1215- Nobles met King John at Runnymede where they forced John to put his seal on a document called the

Magna Carta, or Great Charter

◦ Magna Carter placed limits on the king’s power and the king could only collect taxes if a group of nobles called

the Great Council agreed

◦ Magna Carta helped strengthen the idea that all people have rights, and the power of the government should

be limited

◦ Edward I, king of England in the late 1200s, increased the authority of his council

◦ A group of lords, church leaders, knights and townspeople became known as Parliament

◦ Parliament was divided into two groups- A upper house and a lower house

◦ Marked an important step toward representative government

Multiple Choice

The Magna Carta was a document that limited __.

• king's power

• lawyer's power

• noble's power

• peasants power

Monarchy in France

◦ 843, Charlemagne’s empire split into three parts: western became kingdom of France

◦ 987-Frankish nobles made Hugh Capet their king; began the Capetian dynasty of French kings

◦ Controlled only the area around Paris, the capital

◦ Phillip II became king of France in 1180

◦ Phillip fought to regain French lands from English in western France

◦ Phillip IV wanted to raise taxes for wars

◦ 1302- Phillip gained approval from representatives of the three estates, or classes, of French society

◦ First estate- clergy or priests

◦ Second estate- nobles

◦ Third estate- townspeople and peasants

◦ This began the Estates-General- France’s first parliament

Reorder

Reorder the estates (classes) in French Society

• Clergy

• Nobles

• Townspeople and peasants

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Eastern States of the Slavs

◦ Slavs in Eastern Europe established villages and towns along rivers; Three Groups called southern Slavs,

western Slavs, and eastern Slavs

◦ The Rise of Kiev (800s)- eastern Slavs began to expand due to trade with Scandinavia and Byzantine Empire

◦ 988- Rus leader, Vladimir, married sister of Byzantine emperor and became Eastern Orthodox Christian; were

taught religious rituals and art of painting icons

◦ 1240- Mongols conquered Kieven Rus and spared city of Novogorod in exchange for accepting khan as their

leader and pay tribute to khan

◦ Alexander Nevsky, a prince, in 1240 defeated invaders

◦ Importance of Moscow- during Mongol rule Slavs moved north and built settlement called Moscow

◦ Moscow became large city due to being located on several trade routes

◦ Mongols gave rulers of Moscow right to collect taxes and if taxes could not be paid rulers took control of the

land; gradually expanding its territory

Multiple Choice

In __, Vladimir married the sister of the Byzantine emperor and became Eastern Orthodox Chrisitians.

• 800s

• 988

• 1240

• 998

Ivan III Became Czar

◦ 1462- Ivan III became czar of Moscow and married Sophia, a niece of the Byzantine emperor

◦ Ivan adopted Byzantine lavish style and became known as czar, a Russian word, like Caesar in Latin, meaning

“emperor.”

◦ 1480- Ivan III had driven out Mongols from Moscow and Russian territory

◦ Added territory to the north and west

◦ People known as Russians

Multiple Select

In 1462 Ivan III became known as the czar of Moscow. What does czar mean?

• Caesar in Latin

• leader

• emperor

• ruler

European Crusades

◦ 1071-Byzantine Emperor attached and defeated by Muslim Turks; Turks took control of most Byzantine lands

◦ Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for military aid to save his Christians from Muslim forces

◦ Pope agreed and hoped that the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church would unite

◦ 1095- Pope asked Europe’s nobles to begin a crusade, a holy war, against the Muslim Turks and capture

Jerusalem and free holy land where Jesus lived from the Muslims

◦ Crusades Begin- 1000s soldiers on horseback and on foot headed to Jerusalem in 1099 where they stormed

the city

◦ Crusaders conquered and set up four states: the kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land, Edessa and Antioch in

Asia Minor, and Tripoli (all surrounded by Muslim lands)

Reorder

Reorder the following about the crusades began.

• 1071 Byzantine Emperor defeated Muslim Turks

• Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban for military aid against Muslims

• Pope agreed in hopes of reuniting churches

• 1095 Pope asked nobles to begin holy war against Muslim and capture Jerusalem

• 1099- Crusades began as soldiers stormed Jerusalem

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Continued Conflicts

◦ Muslim forces retook Edessa, the Second Crusade began; Muslims easily defeated Europeans

◦ 1174- led by a brilliant general named Saladin and recaptured Jerusalem

◦ Several other Crusades, but all were failures

Effects of the Crusades

◦ Positive Effects:

◦ Gained new knowledge

◦ Learned how to build domes and create mosaics

◦ Discovered how to build better ships and make more accurate maps

◦ Learned how to read compass to tell direction

◦ Began demanding eastern goods such as spices, sugar, lemons, and silks

◦ Negative Effects:

◦ Jews and Muslims suffered persecution during Crusades

◦ Christians publicly burned Jewish books and ordered Jews to wear clothing that identified them as Jews

Open Ended

Name an effect of the Crusades.

Site of Encounter: Norman Sicily

◦ Normans settled in northern France in region of Normandy

◦ 1072-109- Roger I won control of Sicily

◦ Sicily grew into major trading center due to located on trade routes in the Mediterranean region

◦ Trades from Europe, Asia, and Africa came from all over

◦ Under Roger I and Roger II- enforced laws that were tolerate of the numerous groups on the island

◦Permitted Muslims to use Arabic language for business and government documents

◦Roger hired people for each group as administrators in his government

◦Roger II provided fair legal treatment to all Christians, Muslims and Jews living in Sicily

◦ New Development

◦Muslim mapmaker Muhammad al-Idrisi gathered maps from Greek, Persian, Jewish, and Norman mapmakers and traders; created The Book of
Roger (contained 70 maps of the known world)

◦ 1100s- Sicily was thriving multicultural trading center

◦Silk and porcelain from China

◦Spices form India

◦Linen cloth and grain from western Mediterranean

◦Sugar and gold from North Africa

Multiple Choice

Muslim mapmaker, Muhammad al-Idrisi gathered maps from all over to create ___.

• Al-Ma'mun's Atlas
• The Great Map of the World
• Book of Roger

• Geographia Universalis