Psychological Disorders

Defining Abnormal Behavior and Psychological Disorders

Word Cloud

How would you define the word "normal"

Not "WHO is normal" but "WHAT is normal"

Word Cloud

What is well-being? Is it just an absence of a disorder?

List 1-2 characteristics that make a person have "well-being"

What is Well-Being?

• Self-acceptance

• Positive relations with others

• Autonomy

• Environmental Mastery

• Purpose in Life

• Personal Growth

What is a Psychological Disorder

• It can be difficult to define psychological disorders

• A continuum exists between mental health and pathology

What is a Psychological Disorder

Psychological disorders are behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person's ability to cope with everyday life.

Characteristics

1. Typicality - How normal is the behavior when compared to the average person?

Characteristics

1. Maladaptivity - Does the behavior impair an individual's ability to function in everyday life?

Characteristics

1. Emotional Discomfort - Does the person feel too much emotional distress?

Characteristics

1. Socially Unacceptable Behaviors- Does the behavior violate society's accepted norms?

Match

Match the following characteristics:

• Is the behavior considered normal?

• Does the behavior impair ability to function

• Does the behavior cause distress?

• Does the behavior violate norms?

Typicality

Maladaptivity

Emotional Discomfort

Socially Unacceptable Behaviors

• Typicality

• Maladaptivity

• Emotional Discomfort

• Socially Unacceptable Behaviors

Psychological Disorders

Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S. - 43.8 million, or 18.5% - experience mental illness in a given year. Approximately 1 in 25 adults in the U.S. - 9.8 million, or 4% - experience a serious mental illness in a given year that substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities.

Multiple Choice

Approximately how many adults in the U.S. experience mental illness in a given year according to the slides?

• 20%

• 33%

• 10%

• 50%

Defining Psychological Disorders

The American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-5 includes the following criteria for labeling behavior as disordered:

• A behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual

• Reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction

• The consequences of which are clinically significant distress (e.g., a painful symptom) or disability (i.e., impairment in one or more important areas of functioning)

• Must not be merely an expected response to common stressors and losses (ex. the loss of a loved one) or a culturally sanctioned response to a particular event (ex. trance states in religious rituals)

• Primarily a result of social deviance or conflicts with society

"D's" (and a "U")

• Deviant - Goes against he norm of behavior

  • May be abnormal in one culture but normal in another

• Distressful-Cause the person (or others) distress...

  • It disturbs them

• Dysfunctional - must cause dysfunction in the person's life (alter daily life)

• Dangerous - cause harm to self or others

• Unjustifiable - not reasonable

History of Psychological Disorders

• Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, and transfused with animal’s blood.

•   Trephination = boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces.

Perspectives: Clinical Psychology

• Psychoanalytic – believes that psychological disorders stem from unresolved childhood conflicts

  • To understand roots of disorder, must look at person’s early life history

• Behavioral – believes that behaviors are learned responses

  • To understand disorder, must analyze how behavior has been learned and what “reinforces” the continuation of the behavior

• Cognitive – believes that cognitions (thoughts and beliefs) are the root of psychological problems

  • Only way to “fix” behavior is to change those thoughts and beliefs

Perspectives: Clinical Psychology

• Humanistic – believes that people are responsible for their own behavior, even abnormal behavior

  • Focus on the relationship between individual and society and how people view themselves in relation to others – believe disordered individuals don’t have self-worth, have conditions of worth placed upon them, etc.

• Sociocultural – believes that abnormal behavior is shaped by family, society and culture

  • One’s relationships with others can support and even cause abnormal behaviors – the stresses that one encounters in life can influence the disorders they have/don’t have

Match

Match the approach with the best description

• Believes that psychological disorders stem from unresolved childhood conflicts

• Believes that behaviors are learned responses

• Believes that thoughts and beliefs are the root of psychological problems

• Believes people are responsible for their own behavior

• Believes abnormal behavior is shaped by family, society, and culture

Psychoanalytic

Behavioral

Cognitive

Humanistic

Sociocultural

• Psychoanalytic

• Behavioral

• Cognitive

• Humanistic

• Sociocultural

The DSM 5

• The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the standard reference used by psychology and psychiatry professionals to classify a wide range of mental disorders

• Encyclopedia of mental disorders

• Provides a set of criteria to make assessments

Classifying Psychological Disorders

• 3 Sections

  • Introduction

  • Diagnostic Criteria and Codes

    • The list of disorders

  • Emerging Measures and Models

    • How to go about diagnosing disorders

• Goals

  • Describe (400) disorders

  • Indicate how prevalent the disorder is

Classifying Psychological Disorders

• Disorders outlined by DSM-5 are reliable thus diagnoses by different professionals are similar

• Others criticize the DSM-V for "putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry."

Classifying Psychological Disorders

1. Critics of the DSM-5 argue that labels can stigmatize individuals by assigning arbitrary conditions and value judgments

2. "Insanity" labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes.

3. Labels can be helpful for health care professionals, communicating with one another and establishing therapy.

Understanding the Categories

1. Anxiety

2. Depressive

3. Biplolar and Related

4. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related

5. Trauma and Stressor Related

6. Dissociative

7. Somatic Symptom and Related

8. Feeding and eating

9. Neurodevelopmental

10. Schizophrenia Spectrum and other Psychotic

11. Personality

Multiple Choice

The standard reference used by psychology and psychiatry professionals to classify a wide range of mental disorders

• DSM-5

• MLA

• ADA

• APA Handbook

Multiple Choice

The current version of the DSM lists about how many disorders?

• 60

• 150

• 400

• 750

Multiple Choice

Autism Spectrum Disorder is listed under which diagnostic category of the DSM-5?

• Neurodevelopmental

• Depressive

• Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic

• Somatic Symptom and Related