Protein Synthesis Lesson

Protein Synthesis

Transcription and Translation

​Learning Objective

​Understand the process and purpose of protein synthesis via transcription and translation.

DNA is the genetic code for life, but what does the code actually do?

​DNA is a series of nucleotides that tells your body which proteins to make. The code is transcribed then translated in the process of protein synthesis

Dropdown

DNA is the genetic ​

Select answer

for​ life.​

Multiple Choice

What is the outcome of DNA transcription and translation?

• Make muscles

• Make protein

• Make cells

• Make DNA

Multiple Choice

What is the basic unit (monomer) of DNA?

• Phosphate Group

• Nucleotide

• Amino Acid

• Monosaccharide

​The Basics

• DNA stores genetic code

• it is a double helix

• a copy of a gene is made and this copy is called mRNA

• mRNA is read by a ribosome

• tRNA brings in amino acids

• the amino acids chain/link together to create a protein

Multiple Choice

What shape is DNA?

• Alpha Helix

• Double Helix

• Tangled

• Flat

​

​DNA is kept safe inside of the nucleus of the cell (except for mitosis and meiosis)

​To keep DNA safe in eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus) a copy of the gene is made in the nucleus and then the copy exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell. This copy is called mRNA, or messenger RNA.

Multiple Select

What is true of DNA?

(select ALL that apply)

• Double Helix

• Contains Thymine

• Deoxyribose sugar

• Ribose sugar

​RNA is different than DNA

​

​

​

​DNA

​RNA

​Both

• Ribose Sugar

• single strand

• Nitrogenous base Uracil

• Deoxyribose Sugar

• double stranded (usually)

• Nitrogenous base Thymine

• Phosphate group - backbone of DNA

Multiple Select

What is true of RNA? (select ALL that apply)

• Single strand

• Contains Uracil

• Ribose sugar

• Deoxyribose sugar

​mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and is picked up by the ribosome. Ribosomes are protein building machines.

Multiple Choice

What subunits comprise a ribosome?

• large and small

• big and little

• big and small

• large and little

​Each group of three nucleotides makes up a CODON. The codons tell the tRNA which amino acid to connect in the protein chain (polypeptide). The nucleotides that "match" on the tRNA are called the anti-codon.

Using these Codon charts we can translate the mRNA into amino acids, and then a protein chain.

Multiple Choice

Which amino acid will be added to a protein chain if the codon is UAA?

• Ser

• Lys

• Ala

• STOP

Multiple Select

Which of the following are differences in the structure between RNA and DNA?

(select ALL that apply)

• DNA uses deoxyribose sugar, RNA uses sugar ribose

• DNA pairs Adenine with Uracil, RNA pairs Adenine with Thymine

• DNA is a double helix, RNA is a single helix

• DNA pairs Adenine with Thymine, RNA pairs Adenine with Uracil

Multiple Select

An RNA nucleotide contains which 3 things?

• ribose sugar

• deoxyribose sugar

• phosphate group

• nitrogen bases (A, U, G, C)

• nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C)

Multiple Choice

Which nucleic acid is a temporary, usable copy of the genetic code?

• DNA

• RNA

• DNA + RNA

Multiple Choice

Which type of RNA is a copy of the DNA “code” instructions for building proteins?

• mRNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

Multiple Choice

Which type of RNA are ribosomes made of and reads the mRNA?

• mRNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

Multiple Choice

Which type of RNA transfers amino acids?

• mRNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

What is Transcription?

• transcription copies a specific gene that will be made into a protein

• transcription is making a copy of DNA into a copy of mRNA

• transcription takes place in the nucleus

• transcription is the first step of the Central Dogma

Multiple Choice

Which Nucleic Acids can be found in the nucleus?

• DNA only

• DNA & RNA

• RNA only

• enzymes only

Multiple Choice

Which RNA bases would pair with TACGAA in transcription?

• AUGCUU

• ATGCTT

• GCATCC

• GCAUCC

Transcription requires enzymes

• RNA polymerase

• RNA is only synthesized using the template strand of DNA

• That means, only one side of the opened DNA molecule is used to make mRNA

Multiple Choice

The molecule that synthesizes the mRNA inside the nucleus

• DNA polymerase

• Nucleotides

• RNA polymerase

• helicase

Multiple Choice

What is the product from transcription?

• rRNA

• tRNA

• mRNA

• DNA strand

Multiple Choice

Where does transcription take place?

• nucleus

• ribosome

• cytoplasm

• smooth ER

Making a Protein

After the process of transcription, mRNA is made (the "m" stands for messenger) and it sends the "message" of making a protein to the ribosome.

Translation-The Players

• Ribosomes (Protein factories)

• mRNA-messenger RNA (brings instructions)

• tRNA-transfer RNA (brings the parts)

• amino acids-the protein parts

Translation-The Game

• mRNA lands on a ribosome

• tRNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome

• Specific tRNA anticodons land on mRNA codons in a specific order

• 
  

Translation: The Polypeptide Assembly

As the ribosome moves down the mRNA, puts the right amino
acids in the correct order by matching the mRNA with the correct
tRNA that carries the amino acid.

Multiple Choice

After transcription mRNA goes from the nucleus to the _________.

• Ribosome

• Mitochondria

• Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Vacuoles

What are codons and anti-codons?

• Codons-groups of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA that tell tRNA which amino acid to bring or to start or stop translation

• Anticodons-groups of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA that match with codons.
  

Amino Acids

These are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 of them and they get glued together in specific orders to make proteins.

Amino Acid Order

We actually know which amino acids go with each codon!

Genetic Code Table and Wheel

Important!!
You only use these with mRNA,
not DNA or tRNA

Reading Codons

C U A

On the wheel,
start on inside
and work
outward.

When we do this,
we find that CUA
specifies for the
amino acid
Leucine (Leu)

Start and Stop Codons

The methionine codon AUG serves as the “start” codon for
protein synthesis. There are three “stop” codons.

AUG = “start” codon
AUG = methionine

UAA, UAG,
and UGA
are “stop” codons

Multiple Choice

When these bond together, they form a protein

• Amino Acids

• Peptide Bonds

• Ribose

• Nucleotides

Multiple Choice

If the mRNA codon is AUG, what amino acid would the tRNA bring?

• Met

• GLu

• Ala

• Phe

Multiple Choice

If the mRNA codon is AUG, what would the matching tRNA anticodon be?

• UAC

• AUG

• TAC

• GUA

Multiple Choice

What is the three base sequence of mRNA that codes for a single amino acid?

• Anticodon

• Codon

• Protein

Multiple Choice

During translation, this type of ribonucleic acid is responsible for delivering amino acids to help make a protein.

• mRNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

• dRNA

Multiple Choice

This is the triplet of bases on the end of a tRNA molecule

• Anticodon

• Codon

• Protein

Multiple Choice

Translation is the process where

• mRNA is created in the Nucleus

• mRNA is decoded to form a protein 

• glucose molecules are made

• is where lipids are synthesised