Cell Cycle and Mitosis

​LESSON 2:

Cell Cyle and Mitosis

Multiple Choice

IT IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH ONE CELL DIVIDES INTO TO FORM NEW CELLS?

• PARENT CELL

• DAUGHTER CELL

• CELL CYCLE

• CELL DIVISION

Explanation Slide...

CELL DIVISION is the process in which one cell called PARENT CELL, divides to form new cells referred as DAUGTHER CELLS.

WHAT IS CELL DIVISION

​CELL DIVISION

Cell division happens when a parent cell divides into two or more cells called daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle. All cells reproduce by splitting into two, where each parental cell gives rise to two daughter cells.

In other words, such cycles of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of millions of cells.

These newly formed daughter cells could themselves divide and grow, giving rise to a new cell population that is formed by the division and growth of a single parental cell and its descendant.

Cells divide themselves to do 4 specific functions

4 Functions for Cell Division

• Repair cells

• Replace cells

• Reproduce cells

• Grow cells

The first gap phase.
The cell increases in mass in
preparation for cell division.

For most cells, this is the
longest phase.

G1 phase or
first gap

Multiple Choice

THIS IS LIKE A RECIPE BOOK WHICH HOLDS THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR MAKING ALL PROTEINS IN OUR BODIES. WHAT IS THIS?

• ORGANELLE

• CHROMOSOME

• DEOXYRIBUNUCLEIC ACID

• CYTOKINESIS

Explanation Slide...

Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated DNA) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. DNA is made of two linked strands that wind around each other to resemble a twisted ladder — a shape known as a double helix.

DNA is synthesized or
replicated.

S phase
or
Synthesis

Each of the 46
chromosomes is
REPLICATED by
the cell.

= 92
chromatids

Second gap phase.
The cell synthesizes
proteins and continues
to increase in size.

G2 phase or
second gap

“DOUBLE CHECKS”
the duplicated chromosomes
for error, making any needed
repairs.

MITOSIS

A process of nuclear division.
The most dramatic
biological processes.
It has four stages:
PROPHASE,
METAPHASE,
ANAPHASE, &
TELOPHASE.

Also, a process
where
single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

The major purpose of
mitosis is for growth
and replace worn out
cells.

Mitosis

The daughter cells from mitosis are called diploid cells. Diploid cells have two complete sets of chromosomes and they have exact copies of their parent cell's DNA.

Multiple Choice

Fruit fly body cells have 8 chromosomes. After mitosis, you would expect a resulting fruit fly daughter cell to have -

• 8 chromosomes

• 16 chromosomes

• 32 chromosomes

• 64 chromosomes

Multiple Choice

When you start with 1 cell, at the end of mitosis, how many identical cells will you have?

• 1/2

• 1

• 2

• 4

PROPHASE

The
NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE
is beginning to disappear/ disintegrates.

CHROMOSOMES condense
and become visible.

CENTRIOLESmove to opposite
poles and
SPINDLE FIBERS begin to
form.

METAPHASE

Thick, coiled
CHROMOSOMES are
lined up in the
center of the cell
(equatorial plate).

The SPINDLE FIBERS
are attached to the
chromosomes

ANAPHASE

Sister chromatids of each
chromosome
separate and are being
pulled by spindle fibers
and moving to the ends of
cell as their kinetochore
microtubules shorten.

Each chromatid becomes an individual chromosomes.

TELOPHASE

The chromosomes
cluster and decondense
at the opposite poles.

The spindle fibers
dissolve and
a nuclear membrane forms

The physical process of cell
division, which divides the
cytoplasm of a parental
cell into TWO daughter
diploid cells (46 chromosomes).

CYTOKINESIS

In animal cells, a cleavage
furrow forms when cell
divides.

CYTOKINESIS

In plant cells, a cell
plate forms when cell
divides.

Stage 3: Cytokinesis

• the final stage of cell cycle is Cytokinesis: this stage completes the process. The cell's cytoplasm divides distributing the organelles into each of the two daughter cells.

• The only step of this stage is to separate the two daughter cells from each other to create two separate daughter cells.

What will happen when a
significant event in a
particular stage failed to occur?

What Happens When Mitosis Goes Wrong?

By Scott Auerbach, March 13, 2018

When a cell divides, it creates two identical

daughter cell’s DNA - the name for this process is
Mitosis, and errors in the process result in incorrect DNA
copies. The effects of these errors in the health of the
organism range from benign to deadly, depending in
their number of errors and type. One potential
consequence is cancer; scientist trace all cancer types
back to harmful mutations multiplied by mitosis.

Cancer occurs when mutated cells ignore or

override the normal “checkpoints” regulating mitosis
and begin to reproduce uncontrollably.

or NUCLEAR CELL
DIVISION

It has four stages:
PROPHASE,
METAPHASE,
ANAPHASE, &
TELOPHASE.

It divides the
cytoplasm of a
parental cell into
TWO daughter
diploid cells

It consists the following
phases:

*G1 or first gap
(cell increases in size)

*S phase
(DNA synthesis)

*G2 or second gap
(double checks)

Multiple Select

Interphase is divided into three distinct stages and these are?

• G1

• G2

• S

• M

Multiple Choice

The cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size.

• G1

• S

• G2

• M

Multiple Choice

Longest stage in Interphase

• G1

• S

• G2

• M

Multiple Choice

“DOUBLE CHECKS” the duplicated chromosomes for error, making any needed repairs.

• G1

• S

• G2

• M

Multiple Choice

The cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division.

• G1

• S

• G2

• M

Multiple Choice

DNA replication takes place during this phase.

• G1

• S

• G2

• M

Identify what phase of mitosis is being
described by each event.

Multiple Choice

 Nuclear membrane form again around chromosomes.

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Prophase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

Thick, coiled chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell (equatorial plate)

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

The nuclear membrane is beginning to disappear.

Chromosomes are condensed and thicken.

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

The chromatids of each chromosome have separated, and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the ends of cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten.

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

Spindle fibers move apart.

• Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

Multiple Choice

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE ABOUT INTERPHASE?

• A. IT HAS 3 SUBSTAGES: G1, S, & G2

• B. IT IS ALSO CALLED THE CELL'S RESTING PHASE

• C. IT IS ACTUAL PHASE WHERE CELL DIVIDES

• D. IT IS THE PHASE THAT PREPARES THE CELL DIVISION.

Explanation Slide...

CHARACTERIZED BY THE INCREASED BY THE CELL SIZE & DNA REPLICATION IN PREPARATION FOR CELL DIVISION.