Central Dogma Review

Unit 5 Molecular Genetics Review

Central Dogma: DNA to mRNA to Protein

Multiple Choice

Who developed the double-helix model of DNA?

• Watson & Crick

• Avery

• Hershey & Chase

• Franklin

Multiple Choice

Who discovered that A = T and C = G?

• Chargaff

• Franklin

• Watson & Crick

• Griffith

Multiple Choice

Who took a picture of DNA using X-ray diffraction?

• Rosalind Franklin

• Watson & Crick

• Oswald Avery

• Hershey & Chase

Multiple Choice

Central Dogma

• RNA -> DNA -> RNA -> protein

• protein -> RNA -> DNA

• DNA -> RNA -> protein

• DNA -> amino acid -> RNA - > protein

Multiple Choice

The process of creating mRNA based on a DNA sequence is called

• transcription

• translation

• replication

• reverse transcription

Multiple Choice

The process of creating a protein from RNA is called

• transcription

• translation

• replication

• reverse transcription

Multiple Choice

What are the building blocks of proteins called?

• DNA
• RNA
• Ribosomes
• Amino Acids

Multiple Choice

What role do ribosomes play in the central dogma of molecular biology?

• correct errors in DNA

• recycle RNA back into DNA

• transfer information from DNA to RNA

• use RNA to manufacture proteins

DNA vs. RNA

• Both: nucleic acid polymers made of nucleotides

• DNA: Double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G), stays in the nucleus

• RNA: Single stranded, ribose sugar, nitrogen bases (A, U, C, G), moves between nucleus and ribosomes

3 Parts of a Nucleotide

• Phosphate group

• 5 Carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)

• Nitrogen base (DNA = A, T, C, G) (RNA= A, U, C, G)

Multiple Choice

What determines the code, or information, of a DNA molecule?

• the shape (structure) of the nitrogen bases

• the order (sequence) of the nitrogen bases

• the color of the nitrogen bases

• the frequency (number) of nitrogen bases

Multiple Choice

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

• sugar, hydrogen, nitrogen base
• sugar, oxygen, nitrogen base
• sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
• sugar, phosphate, protein

Multiple Choice

In a molecule of double-stranded DNA, the amount of Adenine present is always equal to the amount of

• cytosine

• guanine

• thymine

• uracil

Multiple Choice

Which of the following units are repeatedly joined together to form a strand of DNA?

• amino acids

• nucleotides

• fatty acids

• polysaccharides

DNA Replication

• Happens in the S phase of interphase before cell division

• DNA strands are antiparallel (oriented in opposite directions)

• Semiconservative replication: DNA polymerase builds new strands off each template (old) strand

Multiple Choice

Which sequence of DNA bases would pair with this partial strand

ATG TGA CAG

• ATG TGA CAG

• TAC ACT GTC

• GTA AGT GAC

• CAT TCA CTG

Multiple Choice

Which model shown in the image best represents DNA replication?

• 1

• 2

• 3

Protein Synthesis

Transcription: DNA to mRNA in the nucleus

Translation: mRNA to amino acid sequence (protein) at a ribosome in the cytoplasm

Multiple Choice

Which component of DNA determines the traits of an organism? 

• Nitrogen Bases
• Sugar-Phosphate Backbone
• Hydrogen bonds

Multiple Choice

During transcription, this type of ribonucleic acid is responsible for copying the DNA and brining it out of the nucleus.

• tRNA

• mRNA

• rRNA

• dRNA

Multiple Choice

The process to go from mRNA to a protein is called ____

• transcription
• rRNA
• replication
• translation

Multiple Choice

In RNA, Uracil pairs with ______. 

• cytosine
• adenine
• guanine
• thymine

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the complementary mRNA sequence to this DNA strand: AAC TGA

• UUG ACU

• TTG ACT

• AAC TGA

• AAC UGA

Multiple Choice

What amino acid is represented by the codon UUA?

• Phenylalanine

• Tyrosine

• Leucine

• Stop codon

Multiple Choice

When these bond together, they form a protein

• Amino Acids

• Peptide Bonds

• Ribose

• Nucleotides

Multiple Choice

A change in a gene, group of genes or chromosome that results in a change in the proteins

• Replication

• Mutations

• Translation

• Transcription

Multiple Choice

Part of one chromosome is transported and attached

to a non-homologous chromosome

• Inversion Mutation

• Translocation Mutation

• Duplication Mutation

• Point Mutation

Multiple Choice

Part of a chromosome is reversed.

• Inversion Mutation

• Deletion Mutation

• Translocation

• Point Mutation

Multiple Choice

Part of a chromosome is repeated

• Gene Mutation

• Point Mutation

• Deletion Mutation

• Duplication Mutation

Multiple Choice

Part of a chromosome

is deleted

• Deletion Mutation-Gene

• Translocation

• Deletion Mutation -Chromosomal

• Crossing Over

Multiple Choice

A nucleotide base is inserted or deleted shifting the entire DNA sequence. Entire protein will be changed.

• Substitution Mutation

• Silent Mutation

• Frameshift Mutation

• Translocation

Multiple Choice

Another name for a point mutation is:

• Substitution

• Frameshift

• Insertion

• Deletion

Multiple Choice

A substitution mutation that has no effect

on amino acids sequence

• Insertion Mutation

• Translocation

• Silent Mutation

• Deletion Mutation

Multiple Choice

A mutation in which only one nucleotide is altered is called a:

• Frameshift Mutation

• Deletion Mutation

• Point Mutation

• Insertion Mutation

Biotechnology - technology based on biological processes

• Restriction enzymes cut DNA for genetic modification or gel electrophoresis

• Transgenic organisms have been modified with DNA from another organism. (genetically modified = GMO)

Multiple Choice

What does transgenic mean?

• An organism that can change its genes at will

• A stem cell that can differentiate into anything

• An organism that has had another species' DNA put in it

• A bacteria that reproduces asexually

Multiple Choice

Which of these is the correct definition of genetic modification/genetic engineering?

• Choosing individuals to mate based on desired characteristics

• Observing genetic changes in populations over time based on adaptive traits

• Extracting stem cells to differentiate into specialized tissues

• Altering the DNA of an organism at the molecular level

Multiple Choice

This is the practice of cutting DNA and separating it by the size of the pieces

• Cloning

• Gel Electrophoresis

• Genetic Engineering

• DNA Fingerprinting

Multiple Choice

Which of these is NOT a use for DNA Fingerprinting?

• Identifying the person whose DNA was left at a crime scene

• Determining the father of a child

• Cloning a sheep

• Figuring out which species are more closely related

Multiple Choice

Which suspect matches the crime scene sample?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

Based on the DNA fingerprint, who is the child's father?

• Bob

• Larry