APES - Unit 5 Review

Open Ended

Increasing global urbanization causes associated problems such as the formation of urban heat islands.

Describe how urbanization leads to the formation of urban heat islands.

Sample Correct (1st) and Incorrect (2nd)

Open Ended

Urban heat islands have been linked to a variety of environmental problems.

(i) Propose a reasonable solution that could help lower the temperature increases caused by urban heat islands.

These both earned points

Open Ended

(i) Justify the solution proposed in part (b)(i) by providing one additional benefit other than reducing temperatures in urban heat islands.

(Justify the solution you proposed in the last question)

These both earned as well

Open Ended

(c) Urban areas are increasingly using solar energy to generate electricity for residences and businesses.

(i) As a result of improved technology, the efficiency of solar panels has changed over time. In 1992 a solar cell had a maximum efficiency of 15.9%. In 2017 a solar cell prototype capable of 44.5% efficiency was produced. Calculate the percent change in efficiency from the 1992 cell to the 2017 cell. Show your work.

1st earned 2nd didn't

Open Ended

(ii) The average home in the United States uses 12,900 kWh of electricity per year. The local power company is raising the cost of purchasing electricity from $0.11 per kWh to $0.13 per kWh.

Assuming a home uses the average kWh of electricity in one year. calculate the change in electricity cost for one year for the homeowner. Show your work.

1st earned 2nd didn't

Open Ended

(iii) The roof of a typical house in the United States receives a total of four hours of sunlight per day that can be converted by solar panels into electricity. A house has 30 solar panels on its root, and each panel generates a maximum output of 300 watts. Calculate how many kWh can be produced by the system at maximum output in one calendar year. Show your work.

1st earned 2nd didn't

Open Ended

(d) Explain why the Northern Hemisphere receives more solar energy from the Sun between June and August than the Southern Hemisphere receives between June and August.

1st earned 2nd didn't

Open Ended

The graphs show the relationship between worldwide grain production per year and per capita grain production.

(i) Explain why per capita grain production does not follow the same trend as worldwide grain production.

Open Ended

Identify ONE new technology, other than those mentioned above, that may be implemented to increase food production.

Open Ended

Identify and discuss TWO possible drawbacks of this new technology.

Half-life

• It is the time taken for a radioactive isotope to decay to half its original value.

• Time can be seconds, minutes, hours, weeks, months or years

• It varies depending on the isotope

Half-life

Radon-222 decays with a half-life of 3.82 days. If an initial sample of the element contains 1000 atoms, how much remains after 15.28 days?

Half-life = 3.82 days

# of half-lives = 15.28/3.82 = 4

1000--> 500 --> 250-->125-->62.5 atoms

62.5 atoms remains after 4 half-lives.

Multiple Choice

Barium-122 has a half-life of 2 minutes. A fresh sample weighing 80 g was obtained. If it takes 10 minutes to set up an experiment using barium-122, how much barium-122 will be left when the experiment begins?

• 0.25g

• 2.5g

• 25g

• 80g

Multiple Choice

The Chernobyl nuclear disaster led to the release of massive radiation, specifically iodine-131 and cesium-137, which has been connected to a variety of environmental problems in the 30 years following the disaster. A soil sample near Chernobyl was found to contain 187 kBq/m2 of cesium-137. If the half-life of cesium-137 is approximately 30 years, how much cesium-137 will remain in the sample after 90 years?

• 93.50 kBq/m2

• 23.38 kBq/m2

• 6.23 kBq/m2

• 1.58 kBq/m2

Time to PRACTICE

​1 step problems

​I want to see some work, okay?

​

​You can either show your work in your notebook or use a chalk marker on your lab table (1 per table)

​

​Switch with your elbow partner if you need to.

Multiple Choice

Convert 2.5 grams into milligrams (1000 mg = 1 gram)

• 25 mg
• 25,000 mg
• 250 mg
• 2500 mg

Time to PRACTICE

​2 step problems

Multiple Choice

How many inches are there in a football field (100 yards)? 1 yard = 3 feet; 1 foot = 12 inches

• 360 inches

• 3,600 inches

• 3,600 feet

• 300 feet

Multiple Choice

How many walking paces are there approximately as you walk down Main Street (0.25 miles)? 1 mile = 5280 feet; 1 foot = 12 inches; 22 inches = 1 walking pace

• 15,840 walking paces

• 720 walking paces

• 720 inches

• 2420 walking paces

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a "commons"?

• A privately owned farm

• A company’s water reservoir

• A public fishery

• A backyard garden

Multiple Choice

What is the root cause of the tragedy of the commons?

• Abundance of resources

• Individual self-interest and lack of regulation
  

• Excessive government regulation

• Lack of education

Multiple Choice

Overgrazing on public lands is an example of the tragedy of the commons because:

• Grazing has no environmental consequences.

• The government encourages overgrazing.

• It only affects private farmers.

• Individuals acting in self-interest use more grazing land than the ecosystem can sustain.

Multiple Choice

Marine fisheries are particularly susceptible to the tragedy of the commons because

• fish are r-selected species that experience boom and bust cycles.
• fish are highly migratory, so they don't belong to any one nation.
• pollution is highest in areas with high fish populations.
• international waters are governed by antiquated nautical law.

Multiple Choice

The United States has established annual catch limits to ensure fishing stocks can recover each year. Which of these statements best describes how these limits are established?

• The catch limits are lower than the maximum sustainable yield

• The catch limits are equal to the maximum sustainable yield

• The catch limits are greater than the maximum sustainable yield

• Catch limits are based on consumer demand, not on the health of fish stocks

Multiple Choice

What happens to a marine ecosystem’s food web when apex predators are overfished?

• Primary producers increase dramatically.

• Prey species overpopulate, causing imbalances.

• Other predator species immediately replace the apex predators.

• The ecosystem becomes more resilient.

Multiple Choice

What is bycatch, and why is it problematic in the context of overfishing?

• Fish caught illegally; it increases enforcement costs.

• Predatory fish caught accidentally; it encourages illegal trade.

• Small fish intentionally caught; it reduces reproduction rates.

• Unintended species caught during fishing; it wastes marine life.

Multiple Choice

The yellowfin tuna, as shown in the signs above, is marked as “avoid” through the Seafood Watch program. Which of these is a possible reason why

• The fish were harvested exclusively through the use of pole fishing.

• Stocks of the fish are unusually high.

• The rate of bycatch may be high.

• Each of these is a possible reason.

Multiple Choice

How does overfishing relate to the tragedy of the commons?

• Individual fishermen catch as much as they can, depleting the shared fish stocks.

• Fishermen work together to set limits on catches.

• Overfishing only occurs in privately owned lakes.

• Fish stocks naturally replenish regardless of human activity.

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between aquaculture and fisheries?

• Aquaculture raises ocean species, while fisheries raises freshwater species

• Aquaculture requires feeding fish other fish, while fish in fisheries can eat soybean and corn

• Aquaculture involves raising aquatic species, while fisheries are natural resources harvested without direct human input

• Fisheries involves raising aquatic species for feeding to aquaculture species

Multiple Choice

Because global fisheries have dramatically seen a reduction in fish numbers, this technique has been used recently to supplement that loss.

• monocropping

• IPM

• contour farming

• aquaculture

Multiple Choice

How does urbanization contribute to the depletion of natural resources?

• By decreasing the demand for water and energy

• Through increased consumption and waste generation

• By reducing greenhouse gas emissions from urban areas
  

• Through restoration of natural habitats in cities

Multiple Choice

How does urbanization affect the carbon cycle?

• It increases atmospheric carbon dioxide through fossil fuel use.

• It increases photosynthesis in cities.

• It decreases decomposition rates in urban forests.

• It reduces carbon dioxide emissions from landfills.

Multiple Choice

What is urban runoff?

• Water that flows into rivers from rural areas

• Water that flows over land surfaces in urban areas, often carrying pollutants

• Water that is absorbed by soil in urban areas

• Water that is collected in reservoirs for agricultural use

Multiple Choice

How does increasing the use of public transportation help reduce urban runoff?

• It reduces the need for new roads, decreasing impervious surfaces

• It increases the amount of water that infiltrates the ground
  

• It promotes the use of permeable materials in construction

• It increases the amount of water that is absorbed by vegetation

Multiple Choice

How do vegetative buffers help reduce urban runoff?

• They block all water from reaching stormwater systems
  

• They absorb water and filter pollutants before they reach water bodies

• They increase the amount of impervious surfaces in urban areas

• They increase water evaporation

Multiple Choice

What is the main goal of sustainable urban planning in relation to runoff?

• To maximize water runoff and flood management

• To increase impervious surfaces and decrease infiltration
  

• To reduce runoff by using green infrastructure and low-impact development techniques

• To make cities more dependent on nonrenewable water source

Multiple Choice

What environmental problem is directly associated with the overuse of synthetic fertilizers introduced during the Green Revolution?

• Increased greenhouse gas emissions

• Ocean acidification

• Deforestation

• Eutrophication of water bodies

Multiple Choice

Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modern

agriculture?

• The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

• The construction of new irrigation systems and a reduction in the use of fertilizers

• An increase in the circulation of investment capital to help the poorest farmers

• The loss of prime agricultural land and smaller yields from grain crops

• The end of famine in the world

Multiple Choice

All of the following are aspects of The Green Revolution EXCEPT-

• less human labor

• larger farming operations

• organic farming

• mechanization

Multiple Choice

What is a primary environmental consequence of tilling?

• Improved soil structure

• Reduced soil erosion

• Disruption of soil structure and increased erosion

• Increased water retention in soil

Multiple Choice

Why is slash-and-burn farming often unsustainable in the long term

• The nutrients in the ash are quickly depleted, leaving the soil infertile

• It reduces atmospheric carbon levels

• It requires continuous use of pesticides

• It creates permanent fertile soil
  

Multiple Choice

What is a sustainable agricultural practice that minimizes environmental harm?

• Continuous monoculture
  

• Intensive tilling

• Integrated pest management (IPM)
  

• Increased slash-and-burn practices

Multiple Choice

Planting a field, or an area of a field, with different crops from year to year to reduce soil nutrient depletion.

• plantation agriculture

• crop rotation

• shifting agriculture

• alley cropping

Multiple Choice

Which of the following irrigation systems is the most efficient way to get water directly to plants?

• Furrow irrigation

• Flood irrigation

• Spray irrigation

• Drip irrigation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following irrigation systems is the least efficient way to get water directly to plants?

• Furrow irrigation

• Flood irrigation

• Spray irrigation

• Drip irrigation

Multiple Select

Which of these agricultural practices can prevent soil degradation? (Mark all that apply)

• flood irrigation

• crop rotation

• monocultures

• synthetic fertilizers

• drip irrigation

Multiple Choice

What type of emissions are associated with CAFOs?

• Oxygen

• Hydrogen

• Carbon dioxide

• Helium

Multiple Choice

What is the main ethical concern with CAFOs?

• High cost

• Zoonotic diseases

• Low productivity

• High water usage

Multiple Choice

What is one of the advantages of clear-cutting forests?

• Increases biodiversity

• Reduces water pollution

• Higher timber yields

• Decreases soil erosion

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a disadvantage of clear-cutting forests?

• Can reforest with fast-growing trees

• Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight

• Increases the risks of soil erosion

• Maximum profits in shortest time

• Increases the risk of wind damaged to shallow-rooted trees

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of prescribed burns?

• To remove dead biomass

• To increase biomass buildup

• To prevent small fires

• To trap nutrients in the soil

Multiple Choice

Which is a necessary step for minimizing damage from mining?

• Increase production

• Use more land for mining

• Employ environmentally friendly methods

• Ignore regulations

Multiple Choice

Design an ideal mining operation that minimizes environmental impacts. Which feature is essential?

• Use of non-renewable resources

• Advanced technology for extraction

• Neglecting waste management

• Large scale open cast mining

Multiple Choice

How does mining contribute to the prevalence of occupational diseases in mining communities?

• Mining has no impact on the prevalence of occupational diseases

• Mining exposes workers to various occupational hazards such as dust, chemicals, and physical strain, leading to the prevalence of occupational diseases.

• Mining actually reduces the risk of occupational diseases

• Occupational diseases are not common in mining communities

Multiple Choice

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following?

I. They promote genetic resistance in the target species, resulting in a population explosion of the target species.

II. They generally focus on one target insect to ensure that the target insect population remains low.

III. They can lead to a self-perpetuating population of a control species.

• I only

• II only

• I and III only

• II and III only

• I, II, and III

Multiple Choice

In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications?

• Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

• Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries.

• Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

• Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

• Contract harvesters are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries.

Multiple Choice

Based on the data, which of the following policies would most likely make the greatest reduction in the ecological

footprint for all of the cities shown in the graph?

• Setting higher fuel efficiency standards for vehicles

• Increasing the cost to use public transportation

• Offering tax incentives to individuals who recycle clothing and home goods

• Subsidizing the cost of solar panel installation for homeowners