DLE1224(3) CLASSICAL

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a principle of classical and neoclassical criminology?

• Humans are rational

• Society provides benefits opposing to isolation

• Crime increases society bonds

• Individual rights cannot be restricted by government

Multiple Choice

Punishment in Classical Criminology is primarily intended to:

• Eliminate offenders from society

• Deter crime and set an example

• Exact revenge

• Reform the offender

Multiple Choice

In ancient and medieval times, crime was often explained by:

• Social contract and deterrence

• Scientific study of human behavior

• Mythology, spiritual shortcomings, and supernatural causes

• Rational choice and free will

Multiple Choice

Classical criminology (1738) emphasized which of the following principles?

• Rehabilitation through therapy

• Free will and rational decision-making

• Behavior determined by biology and environment

• Crime caused by demonic possession

Multiple Choice

Neo-classical criminology emphasized on the principles of EXCEPT...

• Scientific positivism

• Strict punishment policies

• Criminal behavior is influenced by external forces

• Punishment as retribution

Multiple Choice

Positivism in criminology relies on:

• Free will and choice

• Spiritual beliefs and myths

• Scientific methods to study criminal behavior

• Social contract theory

Multiple Choice

According to neo-classical criminology, the main purpose of punishment is:

• Incapacitation

• Rehabilitation

• Deterrence

• Revenge

Multiple Choice

The idea that criminal behavior is shaped by forces beyond individual control (such as peer influence or environment) is called:

• Positivism

• Hard determinism

• Free will

• Rational choice

Multiple Choice

These are Cesare Beccaria's classical criminological views EXCEPT...

• Punishment should serve as a deterrent.

• Criminals cannot control their behaviour.

• Crime is a choice because of the benefit.

• Criminals considers the risk of getting caught.

Multiple Choice

Classical criminology believes that criminals:

• Are driven purely by biological instincts

• Control their actions and choose to commit crimes

• Act under supernatural influence

• Have no control over their behavior

Multiple Choice

The classical view of punishment as effective deterrence is when it is...

• Based on revenge

• Harsh and secretive

• Prompt and public

• Delayed and private

Multiple Choice

The social contract theory states that laws exist because:

• Religion dictates morality

• Government imposes control without consent

• People unite to form society with rules

• Criminals are inherently evil

Multiple Choice

Who is known as the father of classical criminology?

• Cesare Lombroso

• Cesare Beccaria

• Jeremy Bentham

• Edwin Sutherland

Multiple Choice

Why might it be beneficial to locate a prison near a city?

• As an example to others

• Access to rehabilitation facilities

• Makes escape harder

• Reduce cost

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a reason that punishments should be prompt?

• Strengthen connection of criminal consequences

• Offender takes time to reflect and feel guilty

• Reduce opportunities for offender to escape justice.

• Ensure punishment is for deterrance

Multiple Choice

Punishment should be proportionate to...

• wealth of the victim

• number of witnesses

• injury caused by the crime

• criminal’s social status

Multiple Choice

Which form of punishment was condemned as unjust because it forced weak suspects to incriminate themselves?

• Death penalty

• Public shaming

• Torture

• Imprisonment

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT recommendations made by Jeremy Bentham for effective crime prevention and control.

• Wrist tattoos of names

• Centralized police force

• Elimination of criminal opportunity

• circular prison design called Panopticon House

Multiple Choice

Utilitarianism is based on the principle of...

• Protection of government authority

• Punishment for revenge

• Benefit for the majority

• Justice for the victim

Multiple Choice

According to Hedonistic Calculus, punishment must:

• Focus on rehabilitation only

• Be delayed to ensure fairness

• Outweigh the pleasure gained from crime

• Equal the suffering of the victim

Multiple Choice

Jeremy Bentham views these as effective punishment EXCEPT...

• Given immediately after judgment

• Offenders cannot avoid

• Swift and certain

• Extremely harsh to create fear

Multiple Choice

Penapticon House was designed for...

• Efficient surveillance

• Deter crime

• Identification

• Centralisation

Multiple Choice

Robert Martinson (1970)'s “Nothing works!” states that most offenders...

• Became successful workers after prison

• Did not return to crime after release

• Were deterred by harsher punishments

• Resumed their criminal careers after release

Multiple Choice

Which of the following did James Q. Wilson reject as a solution to crime?

• Retribution as punishment

• Elimination of criminal opportunity

• Lengthy incarceration

• Social programs to reduce poverty

Multiple Choice

Which statement best reflects the Retribution view in criminal justice?

• Short sentences are more effective

• Offenders deserve punishment not cure them

• Prisons should focus on providing social programs

• Crime results mainly from poverty and social conditions

Multiple Choice

According to James Q. Wilson, crime is primarily caused by:

• Ineffective policing

• Free will and individual choice

• Psychological illness

• Poverty and social conditions

Multiple Choice

The Justice Model advocated by Wilson emphasized that...

• Social welfare programs reduce crime

• Community service is the best solution

• Criminals deserve punishment, not treatment

• Prisons should rehabilitate criminals

Multiple Choice

Rational Choice Theory suggests people commit crimes when they...

• are influenced by peer pressure

• outweigh benefits against costs of crime

• are the result of poverty

• lack free will

Multiple Choice

According to Rational Choice Theory, what factor is most likely to decrease crime?

• Increasing the benefits of crime

• Limiting opportunities for crime

• Reducing the costs of crime

• Making laws less strict

Multiple Choice

Factors of Jack Katz's seductions of crime is NOT due to...

• Justifying being morally superior

• Adrenaline rush from shoplifting

• Social problems such as poverty

• Getting respect

Match

Match the following Jack Katz's seductions of crime

• rush of getting away e.g. shoplifting

• moral superiority e.g. kill cheating partner

• feeling powerful e.g. commanding to get money

• gain respect e.g. gang members

sneaky thrills

righteous slaughter

stick-up

badass

• sneaky thrills

• righteous slaughter

• stick-up

• badass

Multiple Choice

Situational crime-control focuses on:

• Genetic influences on criminal behavior

• Poverty as the root cause of crime

• The context of crime in specific settings

• The psychology of offenders

Multiple Choice

According to situational crime-control policy, family disputes are most likely to occur:

• In public parks

• Within the home

• At workplaces

• In shopping malls

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of opportunity structure in situational crime-control?

• A prisoner relapses after rehabilitation

• A teenager joins a gang to gain respect

• Shoplifting occurs mostly in stores rather than residences

• A person commits robbery due to poverty

Multiple Choice

These are ideas of "Just Desserts Model" in criminal justice EXCEPT

• Offenders should be rehabilitated

• Old Testament’s “eye for an eye”

• Offenders deserve punishment proportional to their crime

• “He got what was coming to him”

Multiple Choice

What does the term 'recidivism' refer to in the context of crime?

• The process of convicting offenders

• The rate of reported crimes

• Committing crimes again after being released from prison

• The punishment given to offenders

Multiple Choice

What does the term crime funnel mean?

• A type of financial fraud

• Crimes that involve multiple offenders

• Filtered offenders in the justice system

• Increase in crime due to poverty

Reorder

Reorder the following crime funnel elements

• Report

• Arrest

• Conviction

• Imprisonment

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

Multiple Choice

According to the Emir Research Report (2023), which factors DOES NOT contribute to Malaysia's crime reduction?

• Improved law enforcement

• Increased executions

• Reducing socioeconomic burden

• More social programs