2nd and 3rd Trimester part 2

Open Ended

Describe the anatomical position of the diaphragm in relation to the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, and spleen.

Multiple Choice

Why is the diaphragm significant in the separation of the thorax and abdomen?

• It aids in digestion

• It separates the thorax and abdomen, playing a crucial role in respiration

• It produces hormones

• It stores nutrients

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about the jugular veins are correct?

• They are lateral to carotid arteries.

• They are seen lateral to esophagus.

• Frequently noted when fetal neck extended.

• Help determine location of carotid arteries.

Multiple Choice

Which thoracic structure is seen lateral to the esophagus?

• Carotid arteries

• Trachea

• Jugular veins

• Esophagus

Open Ended

Compare and contrast the sonographic appearance of the jugular vein and carotid artery based on the ultrasound images provided.

Multiple Choice

Which vessel courses right and parallel with the aorta in the thorax?

• Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

• Hepatic veins

• Descending aorta

• Umbilical arteries

Open Ended

Explain how fetal circulation bypasses the lungs and why this is important for fetal development.

Fill in the Blank

Fetal oxygenation occurs in the ___, not the lungs.

Multiple Choice

Which structure allows oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the liver and flow directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC) in fetal circulation?

• Ductus venosus

• Foramen ovale

• Ductus arteriosus

• Portal vein

Fill in the Blank

After birth, the foramen ovale, ductus venosus, and ___ close as part of the transition to adult circulation.

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about fetal circulation is/are correct?

• The foramen ovale allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs.

• The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the descending aorta.

• Most of the blood from the right ventricle goes to the fetal lungs.

• Deoxygenated blood exits the fetus through the umbilical arteries.

Open Ended

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetal brain, including any major shunts or bypasses involved.

Open Ended

Explain why the left lobe of the fetal liver is larger than the right lobe in utero.

Multiple Choice

What is the main storage site for glucose in the fetal upper abdomen?

• Liver

• Pancreas

• Spleen

• Kidney

Multiple Choice

What is a key sonographic feature that helps distinguish the left portal vein (LPV) from the gallbladder?

• LPV appears more tubular and can be traced to the umbilical insertion

• Gallbladder is always larger than LPV

• LPV is located in the lower pelvis

• Gallbladder is always hyperechoic

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the typical sonographic appearance and location of the gallbladder?

• Cone-shaped structure in the right upper abdomen below the left portal vein

• Tubular structure in the left lower abdomen

• Round structure in the left upper abdomen above the diaphragm

• Oval structure in the right lower abdomen

Open Ended

Why is the pancreas considered difficult to image in fetal ultrasound, and what anatomical relationships can help in its identification?

Fill in the Blank

The spleen is seen scanning transversely and posteriorly to the left of the ___.

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about the fetal stomach are correct?

• It can be seen as early as the 11th week.

• It should be seen beyond the 16th week.

• It appears as a fluid collection in the left upper abdomen.

• It is always hyperechoic on ultrasound.

Multiple Choice

Which feature distinguishes small intestines from large intestines in fetal ultrasound after 20 weeks?

• Small intestines have a cluster appearance of bowel loops and occupy a central position.

• Large intestines are always hypoechoic.

• Small intestines are peripheral in location.

• Large intestines have lower echogenicity than the liver.

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about the renal pelvis in fetal ultrasound are correct?

• It becomes more distinct with gestational age.

• It is always echogenic in appearance.

• Pyelactasis is defined as persistent mild bilateral renal pelvis dilation.

• An echo-free area in the center of the kidney represents fluid.

Multiple Choice

At what gestational age can fetal kidneys typically be visualized on ultrasound?

• As early as 13 weeks

• As early as 8 weeks

• As early as 20 weeks

• As early as 16 weeks

Multiple Choice

Which structure can be mistaken for a kidney on fetal ultrasound due to its large size and appearance?

• Adrenal gland

• Bladder

• Liver

• Spleen

Multiple Choice

Which sonographic feature is most characteristic of the fetal adrenal gland in the transverse plane?

• Long, thin echogenic medulla surrounded by hypoechoic cortex

• Ovoid hypoechoic tissue superior to kidney

• Round, fluid-filled cavity

• Highly echogenic borders

Open Ended

Explain the clinical significance of failing to recognize the fetal bladder in the presence of oligohydramnios during an ultrasound examination.

Fill in the Blank

The fetal bladder is typically located in the ___ pelvis.

Multiple Choice

The atrium of the lateral ventricle is abnormal if > ___ mm.

• 8

• 9

• 10

• 12

Multiple Choice

The glomus is part of which structure?

• Choroid plexus

• Thalamus

• Cavum Septum Pellucidi

• Cerebellum

Multiple Choice

At what week do cranial bones ossify?

• 7 weeks
• 12 weeks
• 10 weeks
• 5 weeks