Molecular Biology Lecture

Multiple Choice

Why is molecular laboratory testing significant in modern medicine?

• It helps in early disease detection and personalized treatment.

• It is only used for academic research.

• It replaces all traditional diagnostic methods.

• It is not widely used in clinical settings.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes molecular testing?

• Techniques used to detect specific sequences in DNA or RNA, including mutations, pathogens, or genetic markers

• Techniques used to measure protein concentration in cells

• Methods for visualizing cell structure under a microscope

• Procedures for culturing bacteria in a laboratory

Open Ended

What are some key challenges that might be encountered in molecular laboratory testing?

Multiple Select

Which of the following are principles of molecular testing?

• DNA/RNA extraction and analysis

• Amplification of genetic material

• Detection of mutations or infections

• Protein synthesis

Multiple Select

Which techniques are commonly used in molecular testing?

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

• Real-time PCR (qPCR)

• Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RTPCR)

• DNA Microarrays

Multiple Choice

Which application of molecular testing is most relevant for diagnosing hereditary disorders?

• Genetic testing

• Infectious disease diagnostics

• Cancer diagnostics and monitoring

• Pharmacogenomics

Multiple Choice

What role do primers play in PCR?

• They cut the DNA at specific sites

• They serve as starting points for DNA synthesis

• They join fragments of DNA together

• They help visualize the DNA fragments

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the main purpose of Real-Time PCR (qPCR)?

• To amplify DNA and measure its quantity in real-time

• To sequence DNA

• To convert RNA into DNA

• To detect proteins

Multiple Choice

Which steps are involved in the workflow of Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)?

• Conversion of RNA to cDNA, amplification of cDNA, detection

• Amplification of RNA, detection, sequencing

• Conversion of DNA to RNA, amplification, detection

• Sequencing, amplification, detection

Multiple Choice

During the extraction process, why is it important to mix the extraction plate upside down and centrifuge at 600-1000 rpm for 1 minute?

• To mix magnetic beads and ensure reagents stay at the bottom of wells

• To activate enzymes

• To separate DNA from RNA

• To cool down the reagents

Multiple Choice

Arrange the following steps in the correct order for the amplification process: 1) Mix Reaction Mix and Enzyme Mix, 2) Add qRT-PCR Mix and RNA eluent to PCR tube, 3) Mix and centrifuge PCR tube.

• 1, 2, 3

• 2, 1, 3

• 1, 3, 2

• 3, 1, 2

Multiple Choice

Which of the following steps is performed after adding qRT-PCR Mix and RNA eluent to the PCR tube?

• Cover lid, mix, and centrifuge

• Add enzyme mix

• Store at -80°C

• Add extraction reagent

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of manually checking the Ct threshold line after each batch of tests in the amplification plot?

• To ensure the threshold line crosses the PC amplification curve at the beginning of the exponential phase and above the NC curve

• To reduce the number of cycles

• To increase the reaction volume

• To decrease the temperature

Multiple Choice

Which step in the PCR cycling protocol involves the highest temperature and what is its purpose?

• Reverse transcription at 55°C for 15min

• Taq polymerase activation, pre-denaturation at 95°C for 2min

• Denaturation at 95°C for 15sec

• Annealing, extension, fluorescence acquisition at 58°C for 35sec

Multiple Choice

Which of the following gene combinations would result in a SARS-CoV-2 negative interpretation according to the test results table?

• ORF1ab (+), N gene (+), E gene (+)

• Only ORF1ab gene (-)

• ORF1ab (-), N gene (+)

• ORF1ab, N gene and E gene are all (-)

Multiple Choice

Which gene is being analyzed in the amplification curves shown in the software output labeled 'IC'?

• ORF1ab gene

• N gene

• E gene

• Internal control gene

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not true regarding general safety of workers?

• decontaminate all instruments with an appropriate disinfectant

• always catch a falling object to protect it from breakage

• the long hair back below the ears

• dispose off waste in a biohazard container

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a major technique you learned about in molecular laboratory testing?

• PCR

• ELISA

• Western Blot

• Gram Staining