SCATA 2026

​2025-2026 SCATA study slides

By SANTIAGO LOPEZ CONCHA

Anatomical planes

Sagittal Plane

​It divides the body into a left section and a right section

Coronal (frontal plane)

​It divides the body into a front and back section.

Transverse plane

​It divides the body into upper and lower sections.

Anatomical
Location terms

Medial and Lateral (sagittal plane)
Anterior and Posterior (Frontal plane)
Superior and Inferior (Transverse plane)
Proximal and Distal

Anatomical terms of movement

are used to describe the actions of muscles upon the skeleton. Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can be precisely described using this terminology.

Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly.
Plantarflexion refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly.

Inversion and Eversion

Inversion involves the movement of the sole towards the median plane – so that the sole faces in a medial direction.

Eversion involves the movement of the sole away from the median plane – so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.

Pronation and supination of the foot

Pronation is made up of eversion of the hindfoot, abduction of the forefoot, and dorsiflexion of the talocrural (ankle) regions

Supination is made up of inversion of the hindfoot, adduction of the forefoot, and plantarflexion of the talocrural (ankle) regions.

Abduction and adduction

Abduction of the toes is spreading them apart from the midline of the foot, while adduction is bringing them together toward the midline

Flexion and extension are movements of the toes that involve bending and straightening them, respectively

Bones of the foot

Anatomy

Skeletal Landmarks

landmarks are distinct bumps, ridges, depressions, holes, or other prominences on the surface of a bone that serve as anatomical identifiers, points of attachment for muscles and ligaments, or sites for nerves and blood vessels to pass through

Skeletal Landmarks

​Medial and lateral Malleoli

Malleolus (singular). We have one on the medial aspect, which is the inferior portion of the Tibia (shin bone), and the lateral which is the inferior portion of the Fibula. (Ottawa ankle rules)

​Calcaneal tuberosity

Several muscular and ligamentous structures originate from or attach to the calcaneal tuberosity
The plantar surface of the calcaneal tuberosity projects anteriorly forming two bony projections known as the medial and lateral processes. These are separated by a V-shaped notch

Sustentaculum Tali

The sustentaculum tali is a horizontal shelf that arises from the anteromedial portion of the calcaneus. The superior surface is concave and articulates with the middle calcaneal surface of the talus. The inferior surface has a groove for the tendon of the Flexor Hallucis Longus.

Navicular tuberosity

The navicular tuberosity is a bony prominence located on the medial (inner) side of the navicular bone in the foot. this landmark is 1 of 4 of the Ottawa ankle rules (for fracture identification)

​Base of the 5th Metatarsal

The base of the 5th metatarsal is a bony prominence on the outside of the foot, in the midfoot region, where the bone connects to the small toe and the cuboid bone

Head of the Talus

the rounded, anterior part of the talus bone in the ankle that articulates with the navicular bone and provides surfaces for the talocalcaneonavicular (TCN) joint's articulation with the calcaneus

Ottawa ankle rules.

The Ottawa Ankle Rules are a set of guidelines used to determine if an ankle or foot X-ray is needed after an injury

Soft tissue

Ligaments, Muscles, Tendons, Nerves, etc.

Ligaments

Ligaments are tough, fibrous connective tissues that connect bones to bones. They play crucial roles in maintaining joint stability and allowing for proper movement

Ligaments - ATFL

Most common injured ligament during ankle sprains.

Connects the Talus and the Fibula

Its primary role is to prevent the foot from moving forward relative to the shin and to limit internal rotation of the talus

​Ligaments - CFL

The calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) is one of three lateral ankle ligaments that connects the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the lateral surface of the calcaneus. This ligament’s primary role is to prevent exaggerated inversion of the subtalar joint

​Ligaments - PTFL

PTFL stands for Posterior Talofibular Ligament, a strong ligament in the ankle that connects the fibula to the talus. It helps stabilize the ankle by limiting the posterior movement of the talus and is most stressed during dorsiflexion.

​Ligaments - AITFL

AITFL is the acronym for Anterior Inferior Tibiofibular Ligament, a key ligament in the ankle that connects the tibia (shinbone) and fibula. It plays a crucial role in stabilizing the ankle joint, especially against external rotational forces, and is often injured in "high ankle sprains"

​Ligaments - Deltoid ligament

• Prevents excessive Eversion

• Located on the medial (inner) side of the ankle joint 

• Connects the tibia (shinbone) to the talus (ankle bone), calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular (foot bone) 

​Ligaments - "lisfranc ligament"

It’s not a single, standalone ligament like the ATFL; it’s part of the tarsometatarsal ligament complex.

Damage to it is serious — missed Lisfranc injuries can lead to chronic arch collapse and arthritis.

In imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI), the distance between the first and second metatarsal bases is the clue to injury. (weight bearing)

​Ligaments - Spring Ligament

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

Stretches from the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the plantar surface of the navicular bone

Supports the medial longitudinal arch

​Muscles - Tibialis anterior

Origin: Lateral condyle of the tibia

Insertion: Medial cuneiform and base of the first metatarsal bone

Action: Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint, Inversion of the foot

​Muscles - Gastrocnemius

Origin: The two heads are located from the medial and lateral condyles of the Femur.

Insertion: Posterior aspect of the calcaneus through the Achilles tendon (Tendocalcaneus)

Action: plantar flexion of the foot

Muscles - Soleus

Origin: Upper 1/3 of the shaft of the fibula and Posterior surface of the head

Middle 1/3 of the medial border of the tibia, tendinous arch between tibia and fibula.
Insertion: Posterior surface of the calcaneus along the Achilles tendon.
Action: Plantar flexion of the foot

Muscles - Tibialis Posterior

Origin: Posterior surface of the tibia and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Medial side of the plantar surface of the foot, attaching to various bones and ligaments

Action: Plantarflex, invert the foot, and support the medial arch of the foot.

Muscles - Fibularis longus

Origin: The head and upper portion of the lateral side of the fibula.

Insertion: The base of the first metatarsal and the medial cuneiform bones on the plantar (bottom) surface of the foot.
Action: Its main action is to evert the foot, but it can also slightly plantarflex, and support the lateral and transverse arches of the foot. 

​Muscles - Flexor Hallucis Longus

Origin: Lower two-thirds of posterior Fibula

Insertion: Plantar surface at the base of the first distal phalanx.

Action: Flexes all the joints of the great toe as the foot is raised from the ground.

Nerves - Tibial Nerve

The tibial nerve is a major nerve from the sciatic nerve, running down the back of the leg to the sole of the foot, responsible for motor control (plantarflexion, inversion) and sensation (heel, sole)

Nerves - Common peroneal nerve

The common peroneal nerve branches from the sciatic nerve, winds around the neck of the fibula, and is vulnerable to injury there.

It splits into two main branches, the deep peroneal (fibular) nerve and the superficial peroneal (fibular) nerve. It controls muscles for ankle dorsiflexion, toe extension, and foot eversion and it supplies sensation to the dorsum of the foot. Injury can cause foot drop (mostly the deep branch) and sensory loss on the top of the foot.

Nerves - Saphenous nerve

The saphenous nerve is a branch of the femoral nerve and is purely sensory, with no motor function. It provides sensation to the medial side of the leg, ankle, and foot. Injury can lead to numbness or tingling along its distribution.

Ankle, foot, and toe deformities

Flat foot (Pes planus)
Medial bulge
Abducted forefoot
Everted calcaneus

Ankle, foot, and toe deformities

​These 3 deformities are most often caused by poor shoe fit, or neuromuscular imbalances

Ankle, foot, and toe deformities

Hallux Valgus (bunion)
A foot deformity where the big toe angles outward , creating a painful, bony bump at the MTP joint. It results from disturbed foot mechanics, often linked to genetics, narrow shoes, and high heels, causing pain, redness, and difficulty walking or fitting shoes, but can often be managed non-surgically with wider shoes and orthotics

Injuries - Pes Planus (flat feet)

MOI- Weakness in plantar supporting structures (spring ligament, tib anterior/posterior)
S/S: Fallen medial arch, flat foot, shoes broken down medially, shin pain, knee pain, hip pain, back pain, +navicular drop test.
Tx: Medial arch pad, Tape arch, medial heel wedge to control calcaneus, shoes to limit pronation, orthotics.

Injury- Hallux Valgus

Lateral deviation of the great toe @ the 1st MTP joint
MOI - Congenital or can develop over long period of time with shoes that are tight, high heels or pointed shoes
S/S - Exostosis (bony growth) @ medial 1st MTP joint, callus, bunion
Tx - Decrease inflammation and pain, comfortable shoes (wide), pads, surgery.

​Injuries - Plantar fasciitis

Inflammation of the plantar fascia
MOI - Overuse, excessive pronation, hard landing, tight Achilles tendon
S/S - Pain w first step in the morning, feels better as it loosens up, point tender at the medial tubercle of calcaneus.
Tx- Tape arch, medial heel wedge, medial arch pad, modalities, rest and strengthen toe flexors, prevent heel spur formation.

​High Ankle sprain (syndesmosis)

Sprain of the AITF/syndesmosis.
MOI - Eversion/w tibial external rotation or extreme Dorsiflexion

S/S Little swelling but dysfunctional, pain over AITF, + Kleiger's over AITF, + Hyperdorsiflexion, + squeeze test.

Tx - Rest, takes time to heal, avoid DF, strengthen inversion, potential surgery.

Turf Toe

Sprain of the 1st MTP joint caused by hyperextension.
MOI - Hyperextension of the toe on hard surface (turf), repeated toe flx, axial load force as kicking unyielding object.
S/S pain and swelling crepitus, limited ROM, weakness, limp,
Tx- rest + modalities, tape.

5th metatarsal Fx - Jone's fx

Fracture of the proximal metaphysis
MOI - Inversion ankle sprain, direct blow.
S/S Point tender styloid process, inability to push off, no eversion strength.
Tx - Cast and possible surgery with non union.

Achilles Tendinitis

Inflammation of the Achilles tendon
MOI - Overuse, excessive PF, tight calves muscles, weakness in PF.
S/S - Crepitus, swelling, thickening of Achilles Tendon, weakness and pain
Tx - Rest, modalities, heel lift, stretching and strengthening.

Achilles rupture

MOI- Forceful PF against resistance as in jumping or pushing off

S/S "someone kicked me" "pop", Swelling, palpable defect, very weak PF, + Thompson test, bruising.

Tx Crutches, referral, surgery and/or cast.

Severs disease

Calcaneal apophysitis (seen in skeletally immature)
MOI - Repetitive traction stress on Achilles tendon.
S/S Pain, point tenderness at calcaneus where the tendon attaches, increased pain with weight bearing, decreased DF, tight Achilles
Tx - Rest, Modalities, refer.

SCATA - Sun City Athletic Trainers Association

Founded in 1972 by Manny Pacillas, Morrison Clay and Toni Van dePutte
First

SWATA - South West Athletic Trainers Association

Founded in 1955

NATA - National Athletic Trainers Association

Founded in 1950
The first convention was 1950 in Kansas City, Missouri

Imaging x-ray/CT scan

• Uses Radiation

• Broken bones

• Dislocations

• Stress fractures

• Bones show up white

• CT = more detailed 3D X-ray

Imaging - MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Uses magnets and radio waves

• No radiation

• Shows ligaments and cartilage

• Best for soft tissue injuries

• Very detailed images

• Takes longer to scan

Imaging - Ultrasound

• Uses sound waves

• No radiation

• Shows muscles and tendons

• Shows movement in real time

• Finds strains and tears

• Cannot see through bone

• Seen Safety

• 3 C's- Check, Call, Care

• CAB - Chest Compressions, Airway, Breathing

• 30/2

• AED setup
  

CPR/First Aid

Shock- Symptoms

• Pale, Cool/Clammy Skin

• Rapid pulse/breathing

• Low blood pressure

• Weakness/Dizzy

• Confusion/Anxiety

• Nausea/Vomitting

• Thirst

• Blue lips/fingernails (late)

• Decreased levels of consciousness

Shock- Types

Hypovolemic- Loss of blood/fluids
Cardiogenic - Heart pump failure
Obstructive- Block of bloodflow
Septic- Infection (blood poisoning)
Anaphylactic- Allergens
Neurogenic- Spinal Cord injury

Shock- Treatment

• Call 9-1-1 Immediately

• Lay supine if no spinal injury is suspected

• If vomiting lay on their side

• Elevate legs 6-12 inches (Again spinal)

• Control bleeding if present

• Keep warm

• No food/water

Special tests - Anterior Drawer test

• Positive findings: Pain and/or laxity. Anterior sliding of the talus from under the ankle mortis.

• Structure/injury testing for: ATFL sprain, chronic ankle instability.

Special tests - Lateral stress test

• Positive findings: Pain and/or laxity, Talus tilts or gaps excessively compared bilaterally.

• Structure/injury testing for: Calcaneofibular ligament sprain.

Special tests - Medial stress test

• Positive findings: Pain and/or laxity, Talus tilts or gaps excessively compared bilaterally.

• Structure/injury testing for: Deltoid ligament sprain

Special tests - External rotation stress test

• Positive findings: Pain over the anterior tibiofibular ligament/syndesmosis.

• Structure/injury testing for: syndesmosis pathology, anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament sprain.

Special tests - Hyper-dosiflexion test

• Positive findings: Pain at the AITFL/syndesmosis, not in Achilles.

• Structure/injury testing for: AITF and syndesmosis sprains.

Special tests -

• Positive findings:

• Structure/injury testing for:

Special tests - Squeeze test.

• Positive findings: Pain while squeezing the leg specially away from the side of injury.

• Structure/injury testing for: Syndesmosis sprains, possible fracture of tibia and fibula

Special tests - Fulcrum test

• Positive findings: Pain at potential fracture site

• Structure/injury testing for: Possible fractures of tibia, fibula and metatarsals (any long bone)

Special tests - Percussion test

• Positive findings: Pain in lower extremity, (calcaneus, talus, tibia, fibula)

• Structure/injury testing for: Possible lower extremity fracture or stress fracture.

Special tests - Thomson test

• Positive findings: No plantarflexion of the foot

• Structure/injury testing for: Achilles tendon rupture.

Special tests - Lisfranc test

• Positive findings: Pain anywhere along the lisfranc joint

• Structure/injury testing for: Tarsometatarsal joint sprain.

Special tests -

• Positive findings:

• Structure/injury testing for: