Unit 5 Test Remediation

Unit 5: Meiosis & Cell Specialization Test Remediation

By OL Biology

Question 1

During stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, scientists attempt to grow nerve cells using specific environmental conditions.

1) Explain why a scientist would use stem cells in order to study this process.
2) How does the specific environmental conditions impact the genes of the stem cells?

Multiple Choice

Stem cells become differentiated when...

• genes are turned on or off.

• all genes are turned on at once.

• all genes stay inactive.

• only the genes needed for the cell are turned off.

Multiple Choice

Stem cells are...

• unspecialized

• specialized

• differentiated

• employed

Multiple Choice

What does it mean for a cell to be unspecialized?

• Does not have a specific function.

• Has a specific function.

• Has been differentiated.

• Has a specific shape.

Multiple Choice

What does it mean for a cell to become specialized?

• Has no function.

• Has a specific function.

• Has no job.

• Does not have a specific shape.

Multiple Choice

How do stem cells change into different types of cells?

• Stem cells cannot become different types of cells.

• Stem cells only turn into blood cells.

• Stem cells turn into different types of cells from different environments.

• Stem cells are not impacted by their environment.

Multiple Choice

How does the environment of a stem cell influence the type of cell it differentiates into?

• By turning all possible genes on.

• By turning all possible genes off.

• By only having the DNA in the cell needed for the specific cell functions.

• By turning on and off genes.

Multiple Choice

Now answer the questions, using the information from the previous questions.

During stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury, scientists attempt to grow nerve cells from stem cells using specific environmental conditions.

1. Explain why a scientist would use stem cells in order to study this process.

2. How does the specific environmental conditions impact the genes of the stem cells?

• Stem cells are unspecialized and can turn into different types of cells, like nerve cells. The environmental conditions of a stem cell can influence what genes are activated and inactivated.

• Stem cells are already specialized as nerve cells with no influence of their environment.

• Stem cells are unspecialized and become specialized with age with little to no environmental influence.

• Stem cells are specialized and the environment makes the stem cells become unspecialized.

Question 2

A couple is undergoing fertility treatment. Doctors collect cells that can develop into gametes. Which process must these cells undergo to form functional gametes for fertilization?

Multiple Choice

What are gametes?

• Body cells

• Somatic cells

• Blood cells

• Sex cells

Multiple Choice

What are the two types of sex cells?

• Skin and eye cells

• Muscle and bone cells

• Egg and sperm cells

• Liver and uterus cells

Multiple Choice

What process makes egg and sperm cells?

• Mitosis

• DNA Replication

• Protein synthesis

• Meiosis

Multiple Choice

So, now answer the initial question: A couple is undergoing fertility treatment. Doctors collect cells that can develop into gametes. Which process must these cells undergo to form functional gametes for fertilization?

• Mitosis

• Fertilization

• Meiosis

• Binary Fission

Three processes that are required for sexual reproduction to occur are shown.

Which table most accurately describes the importance of each process to sexual reproduction?

​

Question 3

Multiple Choice

Sexual reproduction can only happen if what process occurs?

• Meiosis

• Interactions with radiation

• Mutations

• Long-term sun exposure

Multiple Choice

What is process 1 showing?

• Mutations

• Meiosis 2

• Mitosis

• Crossing over

Multiple Choice

Which statement correctly describes crossing over?

• Produces haploid cells

• Produces diploid cells

• Decrease genetic diversity

• Exchange of genetic material

Multiple Choice

How many cells are the result of meiosis?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

Meiosis results in 4 diverse _________ daughter cells.

• haploid

• diploid

• triploid

• tertraploid

Multiple Choice

What is process 2 showing?

• Exchange of genetic information

• Produces haploid cells

• Produces diploid cells

• Decreases genetic diversity

Multiple Choice

What is fertilization?

• When crossing over occurs.

• When cells divide into identical cells.

• When egg and sperm combine.

• When haploid cells are made.

Multiple Choice

What kind of cell is made when egg and sperm combine?

• A diploid cell.

• A haploid cell.

• A triploid cell.

• A tetraploid cell.

Multiple Choice

What is process 3 showing?

• Exchange of genetic material

• Produces haploid cells

• Produces diploid cells

• Decreases genetic diversity

Multiple Choice

Now answer the initial question, which table most accurately describes the importance of each process to sexual reproduction?

Which new gene combinations could result from crossing over?

​Question 4

Multiple Choice

What is crossing over?

• Creating new alleles (genes) combinations

• Make identical daughter cells

• Make diploid daughter cells

• Create the same allele (genes) combinations

Multiple Choice

Which one shows the resulting allele (gene) combination after crossing over?

• RRTT

• RrTT

• rrTT

• RrTt

Multiple Choice

Which one shows the resulting allele (gene) combination after crossing over?

• rrtt

• RrTT

• RRtt

• RrTt

Multiple Choice

Which new gene combinations could result from crossing over?

• RRtt and RRTT

• Rrtt and rrTT

• RrTt and RrTt

• rrtt and rrtt

Question 5

Exposure to the building material asbestos has been linked to certain types of cancers. Asbestos causes mutations in the p53 gene, which controls tumor suppression.

Which statement best explains why people with cancer due to asbestos exposure do not pass the mutation on to their offspring?

Multiple Choice

What types of cells are passed on to offspring?

• Somatic cells

• Body cells

• Cancerous cells

• Egg and sperm

Multiple Choice

What type of cell are egg and sperm?

• Gametic cells

• Somatic cells

• Body cells

• Liver cells

Multiple Choice

Can mutations in gametic cells be passed on?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

What are somatic cells?

• Body cells

• Egg cells

• Sperm cells

• Gametic cells

Multiple Choice

Are somatic (body) cells passed onto offspring?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

So, answer the question: Which statement best explains why people with cancer due to asbestos exposure do NOT pass the mutation on to their offspring?

• The mutation occurred in gametic cells.

• The mutation occurred in somatic cells.

• The mutation is recessive.

• The mutation is sex-linked.

Question 6

In the early 1980s scientist were able to produce two biomolecules by splicing a human gene into the bacterium E. coli to make recombinant human insulin and growth hormone.

Which statement best explains why this experiment was successful?
a) The human body contains many types of bacteria, including E. coli.
b) The genes for all organisms are composed of the same building blocks.
c) Human cells are eukaryotic and E. coli cells are prokaryotic.
d) All living organisms share the same genome.

Multiple Choice

What do you think the question means by, "splicing a human gene into the bacterium E. coli..."?

• Humans and bacteria have the exact same genome.

• Humans have bacteria in their body.

• Inserting a human gene into a bacteria gene.

• Humans are eukaryotic and bacteria are prokaryotic.

Multiple Choice

What are genes made of?

• DNA

• carbohydrates

• lipids

Multiple Choice

Why can you insert human DNA into bacteria DNA?

• They are made of the same nucleotides (bases).

• They are made of the same sugars.

• They are made of the same phosphates.

• They have the same backbone.

Multiple Choice

What are the building blocks of genes?

• Sugars

• Lipids

• Carbohydrates

• Nucleotides

Multiple Choice

Now, answer the question: "In the early 1980s scientist were able to produce two biomolecules by splicing a human gene into the bacterium E. coli to make recombinant human insulin and growth hormone.

Which statement best explains why this experiment was successful?"

• The human body contains many types of bacteria, including E. coli.

• The genes for all organisms are composed of the same building blocks.

• Human cells are eukaryotic and E. coli cells are prokaryotic.

• All living organisms share the same genome.

A student observes a cell that has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a nucleus. Using your knowledge of cell biology, select all statements that correctly explain why this cell is classified as a eukaryotic plant cell.

Question 7

Multiple Select

What are two characteristics of a PLANT cell specifically? (Select 2).

• Has a chloroplast.

• Only cell with a cell membrane.

• Only cell with a nucleus.

• Has a cell wall.

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the chloroplast?

• Perform cellular respiration

• Perform photosynthesis

• Perform meiosis

• Perform protein synthesis

Multiple Choice

Can prokaryotic cells have cell walls? (Think about the two plastic container models from the beginning of the year)

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

Which of the following has a nucleus?

• Prokaryotes

• Eukaryotes

Multiple Select

So, answer the question: "A student observes a cell that has a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a nucleus. Using your knowledge of cell biology, select all statements that correctly explain why this cell is classified as a eukaryotic plant cell. (Select 2)."

• Chloroplasts indicated the cell can perform photosynthesis, a key function of plant cells.

• Cell walls are only characteristics of eukaryotic cells.

• Plant cells are the only type of cell with cell membranes and chloroplasts.

• The presence of a nucleus shows the cell's genetic material is enclosed within a membrane, a characteristic of eukaryotic cells.

The table shows a comparison of muscle cells and blood cells.

Based on the table, which conclusion can be made?

​

Question 8

Multiple Choice

If a gene is "active", would gene expression be on or off?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

If the gene is "absent", would gene expression be on or off?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

Let's look at each answer choice individually, "The gene that codes for glucagon is active only in muscle cells." USE THE CHART. Is glucagon on or off in muscle cells?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

Since glucagon is gene expression is off, is this statement TRUE? "The gene that codes for glucagon is active only in muscle cells."

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

The next answer choice says, "The gene that codes for hemoglobin is ABSENT from blood cells." USE THE CHART. Is hemoglobin gene expression on or off in blood cells?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

Since hemoglobin gene expression is ON in blood cells, is the following statement TRUE? "The gene that codes for hemoglobin is ABSENT from blood cells."

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

The next answer choice says, "The factors that regulate gene expression for glycolysis enzymes are active in muscle and blood cells." USE THE CHART. Is gene expression for glycolysis enzymes on or off in MUSCLE cells?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

Let's look again, "The factors that regulate gene expression for glycolysis enzymes are active in muscle and blood cells." USE THE CHART. Is gene expression for glycolysis enzymes on or off in BLOOD cells?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

Since the expression of glycolysis enzyme is ON in both muscle and blood cells, is the following statement TRUE?

"The factors that regulate gene expression for glycolysis enzymes are active in muscle and blood cells."

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

The last answer choice says, "The factors that regulate gene expression for muscle proteins are active in red and white blood cells." USE THE CHART. Is gene expression for muscle cells on or off in red and white blood cells?

• On

• Off

Multiple Choice

Since the expression of muscle proteins in red and white blood cells is OFF, is the following statement TRUE? "The factors that regulate gene expression for muscle proteins are active in red and white blood cells."

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

Put it all together and answer the original question: The table shows a comparison of muscle and blood cells. Based on the table, which conclusion can be made?

• The gene that codes for glucagon is active only in muscle cells.

• The gene that codes for hemoglobin is absent from blood cells.

• The factors that regulate gene expression for glycolysis enzymes are active in muscle and blood cells.

• The factors that regulate gene expression for muscle proteins are active in red and white blood cells.

E. coli has three genes that each code for different enzymes that break down lactose. Scientists conducted investigations about the production of these enzymes using samples of E. coli. Their results are shown in the table.

Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists’ results?

Question 9

Multiple Choice

Using the chart, when lactose is PRESENT, is the enzyme concentration low or high?

• Low

• High

Multiple Choice

Using the chart, when lactose is NOT PRESENT, is the enzyme concentration low or high?

• Low

• High

Multiple Choice

So, are more enzymes expressed when there are LOW or HIGH amounts of lactose?

• Low

• High

Multiple Choice

Does the enzyme concentration (amount) depend on if there is lactose present?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

Read the original question again: "E. coli has three genes that each code for different enzymes that break down lactose. Scientists conducted investigations about the production of these enzymes using samples of E. coli. Their results are shown in the table. Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists’ results?"

Does it say anything about a MUTATION?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

Read the original question again: "E. coli has three genes that each code for different enzymes that break down lactose. Scientists conducted investigations about the production of these enzymes using samples of E. coli. Their results are shown in the table. Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists’ results?"

Does it say anything about TEMPERATURE?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

Now answer the question: "Which conclusion about the production of the enzymes can be determined by analyzing the scientists’ results?"

• The genes for the enzymes were mutated before being expressed by the presence of lactose.

• Gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the presence of lactose.

• The genes for the enzymes were expressed in equal amounts during both experiments.

• Gene expression for the enzymes was controlled by the temperature of lactose.