Standard 3C Review ALL - DNA

​Standard 3C Basics Review 1 - DNA

• 3C1 - DNA, genes, chromosomes, proteins

• 3C2 - Transcription, Translation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, ribosomes

• BIO.3C.1 Develop and use models to explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes in coding the instructions for the traits transferred from parent to offspring.

• BIO.3C.2 Evaluate the mechanisms of transcription and translation in protein synthesis.

DNA

• stores genetic information in order of nucleotides

• double-stranded

• deoxyribose sugar

• nitrogen bases

  • A, T, G, or C

• Adenine bonds with Thymine

RNA

• assembles proteins

• single-stranded

• ribose sugar

• nitrogen bases

  • A, U, G, or C

• Adenine bonds with Uracil

Drag and Drop

In DNA, Adenine only bonds with​

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.

In RNA, Adenine only bonds with​

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.

In both DNA and RNA, Guanine only bonds with ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Thymine

Uracil

Cytosine

​Sugar

​Phosphate

​Nitrogen Base

​Nucleotide - monomer of nucleic acids

Labelling

Label the nucleotide

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Nitrogen Base

Sugar

Phosphate Group

Multiple Choice

Which represents one nucleotide?

• W, X, Y

• X, Y, Z

• Y and Z only

• X and Y only

In DNA:

• Adenine only bonds with Thymine

• Guanine only bonds with Cytosine

What it the DNA complement of the following?

​ATC - CCC - TCG - GAC

​DNA

DNA

In DNA:

• Adenine only bonds with Thymine

• Guanine only bonds with Cytosine

What it the DNA complement of the following?

​ATC - CCC - TCG - GAC

​TAG - GGG - AGC - CTG

​DNA

DNA

Fill in the Blank

What is the DNA complementary code for

TAC-CAA-CAC?

-

-

In RNA:

• Adenine only bonds with Uracil

• Guanine only bonds with Cytosine

What is the RNA complement of the following?

ATC - CCC - TCG - GAC

​DNA

​mRNA

In RNA:

• Adenine only bonds with Uracil

• Guanine only bonds with Cytosine

What is the RNA complement of the following?

ATC - CCC - TCG - GAC

​​UAG - GGG - AGC - CUG

​DNA

​mRNA

Fill in the Blank

What is the mRNA complementary code for

TAC-CAA-CAC?

-

-

Chromosome

• one long strand of DNA

• 23 pairs (46 total) in human body cells

• DNA wrapped around proteins

• contains hundreds of genes

DNA

• BLUEPRINT that contains genetic information

• double helix shape (twisted ladder)

• Makes up chromosomes

Gene

• small section of DNA

• codes for a specific trait

• information to make one protein

• order of nucleotides determines kind of protein

Protein polypeptide

• order amino acids bonded together with peptide bonds

• kind of protein depends on the order of amino acids

Drag and Drop

DNA contains the ​

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to make proteins.

One long strand of DNA makes up a ​

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.

The information to make one protein is contained in one ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

blueprint

chromosome

gene

Drag and Drop

A chromosome is made of one long strand of ​

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.

A ​

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is a small section of DNA that codes for one protein.

DNA is made of ​

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.

The order of nucleotides in DNA has the instructions to make one ​

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.

​ Proteins are made up of ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

DNA

gene

nucleotides

protein

amino acids

Drag and Drop

A ​

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is made from of an order of amino acids.

Instructions to make one protein is contained in a ​

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.

Genes are found on ​

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, which are made up of ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

protein

gene

chromosomes

DNA

​

​

​

​

​

​

​DNA

​Chromosome

​Gene

Labelling

Label the Diagram.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

DNA

chromosome

Gene

​Label the Central Dogma Diagram

​

​

​

​Translation

​Transcription

​Replication

​

​

​

​DNA

​RNA

​Protein

Labelling

Label the central dogma diagram.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Transcription

Translation

Replication

REPLICATION
DNA > DNA

• DNA acts as a template to make more DNA

• ensures daughter cells have identical copy of DNA

TRANSLATION
mRNA > Protein

• kind of protein is determined by the order of amino acids

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA > mRNA

• DNA acts as a template to make mRNA

• Code to make proteins is stored in the order of nucleotides

Drag and Drop

During REPLICATION, DNA acts as a template to make ​

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.

During TRANSCRIPTION, DNA acts as a template to make ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

DNA

RNA

Drag and Drop

The code to make a protein is stored as an​ order of

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in DNA -

which is copied as mRNA during (T) ​

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.

The kind of protein that is made by (T)​

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results from the order of ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

nucleotides

amino acids

translation

transcription

Transcription

• Occurs in the nucleus

• Makes mRNA (product)

• DNA acts as a template for RNA

Translation

• Occurs in the cytoplasm at a ribosome

• Makes a polypeptide (product)

• unfolded protein - an order of amino acids

​

​

​

Drag and Drop

TRANSCRIPTION occurs in the ​

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and makes ​

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TRANSLATION occurs in the ​

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where a ​

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makes a ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

nucleus

mRNA

cytoplasm

polypeptide

ribosome

​Label the Transcription / Translation Diagrams

​

​

​

​Transcription

​Translation

Categorize

Options (2)

Compare transcription and translation

TRANSCRIPTION

TRANSLATION

rRNA (ribosome)

• ribosome RNA

• reads the mRNA code, one codon at a time

• joins amino acids together with a peptide bond

mRNA

• messenger RNA

• has codon

• makes RNA copy of DNA code

• carries the code to the ribosome

tRNA

• transfer RNA

• has anticodon

• carries amino acids to the ribosome

​Codon

​

​Anticodon

​

​Amino Acid

Drag and Drop

​

Placeholder

carries the DNA code from the nucleus to a ribosome.

​

Placeholder

carries an amino acid to the ribosome.

The ribosome is made up of ​

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and joins amino acids together with a ​

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bond.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

peptide

mRNA Codon

• 3 letters on mRNA that complement one triplet on DNA

• codes for one animo acid

DNA Triplet

• 3 letters on DNA that code for one amino acid

tRNA Anticodon

• 3 letters on tRNA that complement one codon on mRNA

​

​

​

​

​Anticodon

​Amino Acid

​

​G A U

Drag and Drop

DNA has three letters called a ​

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.

mRNA has three letters called a ​

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.

​ tRNA has three letters called an ​

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.

Each of these code for ​one ​

Placeholder

acid.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

anticodon

codon

triplet

amino

​Label the Transcription / Translation Diagrams

​

​

​

​DNA

​Transcription

​mRNA

​Protein

​Translation

​DNA

Labelling

Label the diagram.

[transcription and translation go on right side]

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Translation

DNA

mRNA

polypeptide

Transcription

1. In the nucleus, ​ transcription occurs when ​ mRNA is produced, copying the DNA code. 

2. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm.

3. In the cytoplasm, ​ translation occurs when ribosomes (​ rRNA ) read the mRNA sequence one codon at a time. 

4. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to  the ribosome.

5. The ribosome joins the amino acids together with a peptide bond.

​How Proteins are Made:

Drag and Drop

In the NUCLEUS, (T)​

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occurs when ​

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is produced, copying the DNA code. 

The mRNA then leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm.

In the cytoplasm, ​(T)

Placeholder

occurs when RIBOSOMES (​

Placeholder

) READS the mRNA sequence one codon at a time. 

​

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brings the correct amino acid to the RIBOSOME. The RIBOSOME joins the amino acids together with a PEPTIDE BOND.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

transcription

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

translation

Labelling

Label Protein Synthesis

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

nucleus

ribosome

cytoplasm

Labelling

Label Protein Synthesis

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Translation

Transcription

Labelling

Label Protein Synthesis

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

rRNA

tRNA

mRNA

DNA

​Standard 3C Basics Review 2 - DNA

• 3C3 - Gene mutations, codon chart, substitution, insertion, deletion, silent, missense, nonsense

• 3C4 - Genetic engineering, cloning, stem cell research, DNA fingerprinting, gene therapy

• BIO.3C.3 Use models to predict how various changes in the nucleotide sequence (e.g., point mutations, deletions, and additions) will affect the resulting protein product and the subsequent inherited trait.

• BIO.3C.4 Research and identify how DNA technology benefits society. Engage in scientific argument from evidence over the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (e.g., cloning, transgenic organisms, stem cell research, and the Human Genome Project, gel electrophoresis).

mRNA Codon

• 3 letters on mRNA that complement one triplet on DNA

• codes for one animo acid

DNA Triplet

• 3 letters on DNA that code for one amino acid

tRNA Anticodon

• 3 letters on tRNA that complement one codon on mRNA

​DNA Triplets----------->
mRNA Codon--------->
tRNA Anticodon------>
Amino Acid Sequence>

​TAC - ACC - GCT
AUG - UGG - CGA
UAG - ACC - CGU
Met - Ser - Arg

​DNA Triplets----------->
mRNA Codon--------->
tRNA Anticodon------>
Amino Acid Sequence>

​TAC - ACC - GCT
AUG - UGG - CGA
UAC - ACC - CGU
Met - Thr - Arg

​

​

​DNA Triplets----------->
mRNA Codon--------->
tRNA Anticodon------>
Amino Acid Sequence>

​TAC - ACC - GCT
AUG - UGG - CGA
UAC - ACC - CGU
Met - Thr - Arg

A protein's shape determines its function.

• The order of amino acids determines the protein's shape.

• The order of nucleotides in DNA determines the order of amino acids in a protein.

• A mutation to the DNA sequence could change the order of nucleotides.

• Changing the order of amino acids can change the shape of the protein that is made.

The protein may not function correctly.

​Explain the Connection between DNA and Proteins

​

​

​Normal
DNA

​Mutated
DNA

​Normal Protein

​Abnormal Protein

​No Protein

Multiple Choice

Which best describes the effect of a gene mutation on an organism?

• All mutations are harmful and cause disease

• Mutations always lead to stronger offspring

• A mutation changes the DNA sequence and may affect the protein it codes for

• Mutations only occur in plant cells, not in animal cells

Multiple Choice

A mutation changes a DNA sequence from GAA to GUA.

What is the most likely result of this mutation?

• The protein will stop functioning because all DNA mutations are harmful.

• The amino acid in the protein may change, which could affect the protein’s function.

• The DNA will repair itself and return to the original sequence.

• The organism will immediately develop a new trait.

Drag and Drop

A protein's ​

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determines its function.

The order of ​

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(sequence) determines the protein's shape.

The order of ​

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in DNA (sequence) determines the order of amino acids in a protein.

A ​

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to the DNA sequence could change the order of nucleotides.

Changing the ​

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of amino acids will change the shape of the protein that is made.The protein may not function (do its job) correctly.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

shape

amino acids

nucleotides

mutation

order

Labelling

Label the Proteins

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

No Protein

Abnormal

Normal

Substitution

• one nucleotide replaces another

• TTT-AAA-CCC

• TAT-AAA-CCC

• Sickle Cell Anemia

Insertion

• a nucleotide is added

• TTT-AAA-CCC

• TAT-TAA-ACC-C

• More nucleotides than normal DNA

• Tay-Sachs

Deletion

• a nucleotide is removed

• TTT-AAA-CCC

• TTA-AAC-CC

• Less nucleotides than normal DNA

• Cystic Fibrosis

​

​

Normal DNA

​Delete A

​Insert C

Substitue T for C

Normal DNA

Normal DNA

​Kinds of Gene Mutations

Drag and Drop

Normal DNA: ATG GGC TTT ACA

Mutation 1 DNA: ATG GGA CTT TACA

Mutation 2 DNA: ATG GGC TCT ACA

Mutation 3 DNA: ATG GCT TTA CA

Mutation 1 = ​

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Mutation 2 = ​

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Mutation 3 = ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

insertion

substitution

deletion

Silent

• does not change the amino acid sequence

• does not change protein made

Missense

• adds one or more amino acids to the sequence

• changes amino acid sequence

Nonsense

• adds a STOP codon to the sequence

• ends amino acid sequence early

​Effects of Gene Mutations on Proteins

Multiple Choice

Which type of gene mutation is most likely to cause a major change in the protein produced?

• A substitution that changes one base in the DNA sequence

• A deletion that removes one base from the DNA sequence

• A silent mutation that does not change the amino acid

• A duplication of a chromosome during mitosis

Drag and Drop

A ​

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mutation does not change the amino acid sequence.

A ​

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mutation adds one or more amino acids to the sequence.

A ​

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mutation adds a STOP codon to the sequence.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

silent

missense

nonsense

Drag and Drop

Normal Protein = ​ Met - Gly - Phe - Thr

Mutation 1 Protein = Met - Gly - Cys - Thr

Mutation 2 Protein = Met - Gly - STOP

Mutation 3 Protein = Met - Gly - Phe - Thr

Mutation 1 = ​

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Mutation 2 = ​

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Mutation 3 = ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

missense

nonsense

silent

REPLICATION
DNA > DNA

• DNA acts as a template to make more DNA

• ensures daughter cells have identical copy of DNA

TRANSLATION
mRNA > Protein

• kind of protein is determined by the order of amino acids

TRANSCRIPTION

DNA > mRNA

• DNA acts as a template to make mRNA

• Code to make proteins is stored in the order of nucleotides

​Normal DNA:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-CTT
AUA-UCA-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Mutation:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGG-CTT
AUA-UCC-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Caused by:

Results is:

• Substitution

• Silent

​1

​

​

​Normal DNA:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-CTT
AUA-UCA-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

TAT-AGG-CTT
AUA-UCC-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Caused by:

Results is:

• Substitution

• Silent

​1

​Mutation:
mRNA:
Protein:

​

​

​Normal DNA

​Mutated DNA

​Normal Protein

​Abnormal Protein

​No Protein

TAT-AGT-CTT
Ile - Ser - Glu

TAT-AGG-CTT
Ile - Ser - Glu

​1

​Normal DNA:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-CTT
AUA-UCA-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Mutation:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-TCT-T
AUA-UCA-AGA-A
Ile - Ser - Arg

Caused by:

Results is:

• Insertion

• Missense

​2

​

​

​

​Normal DNA:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-CTT
AUA-UCA-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Mutation:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-TCT-T
AUA-UCA-AGA-A
Ile - Ser - Arg

Caused by:

Results is:

• Insertion

• Missense

​2

​

​

​Normal DNA

​Mutated DNA

​Normal Protein

​Abnormal Protein

​No Protein

TAT-AGT-CTT
Ile - Ser - Glu

TAT-AGT-TCT-T
Ile - Ser - Arg

​

​2

​Normal DNA:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-CTT
AUA-UCA-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Mutation:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-ATC-TT
AUA-UAG
Ile-STOP

Caused by:

Results is:

• Deletion

• Nonsensse

​3

​

​

​Normal DNA:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-AGT-CTT
AUA-UCA-GAA
Ile - Ser - Glu

Mutation:

• mRNA:

• Protein:

TAT-ATC-TT
AUA-UAG
Ile-STOP

Caused by:

Results is:

• Deletion

• Nonsensse

​3

​

​

​Normal DNA

​Mutated DNA

​Normal Protein

​Abnormal Protein

​No Protein

TAT-AGT-CTT
Ile - Ser - Glu

TAT-ATC-TT
Ile-STOP

​

​3

Multiple Choice

Normal-GAG-CTC-GAC-AGA
Mutant-GAG CTC-CAC-AGA

What kind of mutation?

• no mutation
• substitution
• insertion
• deletion

Multiple Choice

DNA = GCT so mRNA = CGA

(look on codon chart to find amino acid)

Which DNA change below would result in a different Amino Acid? 

(change each choice to mRNA then look at chart)

• GTT
• TCT
• TCC
• GCA

Multiple Choice

Look at the two nucleotide sequences for a section of DNA given.

What type is the result of this mutation?

• silent - did not change the amino acid sequence

• missense - added an amino acid to the sequence

• nonsense - added a STOP codon to the sequence

• nonsense - added an amino acid to the sequence

​Identify the Benefits and Concerns of Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering - making changes in the genetic code (DNA) of an organism

• reading it, editing it, inserting it into another organism

​Identify the Benefits and Concerns of Genetic Engineering

​Cloning

• making a copy of a cell, tissue, or whole organism

• Benefits - test medications, copy best traits, save endangered species

• Concerns - playing God, clones have shorter life spans and health problems, reduced genetic variation (clones are identical copies)

​Stem Cell Therapy

• using cloned embryos (embryonic stem cells) or adult stem cells to treat diseases

• Benefits - treat and prevent diseases, replace tissues

• Concerns - embryos must be destroyed

​CRISPR-Cas9

​CRISPR-Cas9 - a technique used to insert genes in DNA

​CAS9 Guide

​New Gene is Added

​Identify the Benefits and Concerns of Genetic Engineering

​GMO / Transgenic Organisms

• Duplicating, replacing, or adding genes from the same or different organisms

• Benefits - crops resistant to herbicides, pesticides, drought; less use of chemicals; higher yield; cheaper foods; bacteria make mediationcs

• Concerns - possibly harmful to humans or beneficial organisms

Multiple Select

What are THREE BENEFITS of creating transgenic/GMO organisms?

• Less loss of crops to pests
• Can use less pesticide
• Harms other organisms in the environment
• Can cause allergies in humans
• GMO crops produce more and reduce costs compared to nonGMO crops

Multiple Select

What are TWO CONCERNS of creating transgenic/GMO organisms?

• Less loss of crops to pests
• Can use less pesticide
• Harms other organisms in the environment
• Can cause allergies in humans
• GMO crops produce more and reduce costs compared to nonGMO crops

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes a benefit of using genetic engineering in agriculture?

• It always increases the size of all plant species.

• It allows scientists to create new species that occur naturally.

• It can make crops more resistant to pests and disease.

• It guarantees higher prices for genetically modified food.

​Identify the Benefits and Concerns of Genetic Engineering

​Human Genome Project

• discovered what all human genes do

• Benefits - detect, treat, prevent diseases

• Concerns - privacy

DNA Fingerprinting

• using Gel electrophoresis to create a pattern of DNA fragments

• Benefits - prove paternity, solve crimes

• Concerns - privacy

​

Multiple Choice

Analyze the DNA fingerprint and determine which suspect's DNA was at the crime scene.

• Suspect 1
• Suspect 2
• Suspect 3

​Identify the Benefits and Concerns of Genetic Engineering

Gene Therapy

• replacing defective genes in cells

  • take out cells, modifying, replace cells or

  • uses viruses to modify cells in body

• Benefits - treat genetic disorders

• Concerns - not permanent

Multiple Choice

What is the main goal of gene therapy in medicine?

• To replace damaged cells with cloned organisms

• To change a person’s eye color for cosmetic purposes

• To insert healthy genes into a person’s cells to treat a genetic disorder

• To increase the number of chromosomes in a person’s DNA

3C Review PRACTICE
Questions

Drag and Drop

DNA strands are held together by ​

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bonds, which are weak enough to allow the molecule to unzip for replication. Amino acids in a protein are held together by ​

Placeholder

bonds, which must be strong to maintain the protein's shape.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

hydrogen

peptide

Drag and Drop

During the process of ​

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, the DNA code is converted into mRNA in the ​

Placeholder

. Then, during ​

Placeholder

, the mRNA is read by a ribosome to assemble amino acids.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

transcription

nucleus

translation

cytoplasm

Multiple Choice

A strand of mRNA has the sequence AUG-CCA-UAG. Using the codon chart, what implies the end of the protein chain?

• The codon AUG codes for Methionine, which is a start codon.

• The codon CCA codes for Proline, which stops the process.

• The codon UAG is a stop codon, signaling the ribosome to release the protein.

• The ribosome runs out of tRNA.

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes the relationship between a gene and a chromosome?

• A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a protein, and chromosomes are structures made of DNA wrapped around proteins.

• A chromosome is a small section of a gene that codes for a single amino acid.

• Genes are found in the cytoplasm, while chromosomes are found in the nucleus.

• Chromosomes are made of RNA, while genes are made of DNA.

Multiple Choice

Which characteristic of the DNA structure most directly determines the specific traits of an organism?

• The strength of the sugar-phosphate backbone

• The sequence of the nitrogenous bases

• The number of hydrogen bonds between strands

• The double-helix shape of the molecule

Dropdown

DNA sequence: TAT-ATG-CTT

Mutation: TAT-ATC-CTT

This mutation is caused by a(n) ​

Select answer

of a nucleotide. .

This is a

Select answer

mutation.

Dropdown

DNA sequence: TAT-ATG-TCT

Mutation: TAT-ATT-CT

This mutation is caused by a(n) ​

Select answer

of a nucleotide. .

This is a

Select answer

mutation.

Multiple Choice

A substitution mutation that has no effect on the amino acid sequence

• Insertion Mutation

• Translocation

• Silent Mutation

• Deletion Mutation

Dropdown

DNA sequence: TAT-AGT-CTT

Mutation: TAT-AGG-CTT

This mutation is caused by a(n) ​

Select answer

of a nucleotide. .

This is a

Select answer

mutation.

Multiple Choice

A strand of mRNA has the sequence AUG-CCA-UAG. Using the codon chart, what implies the end of the protein chain?

• The codon AUG codes for Methionine, which is a start codon.

• The codon CCA codes for Proline, which stops the process.

• The codon UAG is a stop codon, signaling the ribosome to release the protein.

• The ribosome runs out of tRNA.

Multiple Choice

Scientists have successfully cloned a rare breed of cow to prevent it from going extinct. Which statement describes the most significant biological risk associated with maintaining a population solely through cloning?

• The cloned cows will be larger and more aggressive than the original population.

• The population will lack genetic diversity, making it susceptible to disease.

• The cloned cows will not be able to produce milk for their offspring.

• The population will evolve too rapidly to adapt to the current environment.

Multiple Choice

During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated by size. Electrical current pulls the DNA through the gel. Based on the diagram, which statement is true about the DNA fragments located at the bottom of the gel (furthest from the wells)?

• They are the largest fragments and move the slowest.

• They are the smallest fragments and move the fastest.

• They are negatively charged and move toward the negative pole.

• . They are uncharged and move based on gravity.

Multiple Choice

A mutation occurs in a DNA strand, changing the mRNA sequence from GAA to GUA. Using the mRNA codon chart, how will this mutation affect the resulting protein?

• The resulting protein will remain unchanged (Silent Mutation).

• The amino acid Leucine (Leu) will be replaced by Valine (Val).

• The amino acid Glutamic Acid (Glu) will be replaced by Valine (Val).

• The protein synthesis will stop early (Nonsense Mutation).

Drag and Drop

A student is analyzing two different mutations to a DNA sequence. Original DNA: ATC - GGG - CCC Mutation A: ATC - GAG - CCC is a ​

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mutation that affects ​

Placeholder

.

Mutation B: ATC - GGC - CC is a ​

Placeholder

mutation that affects ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

substitution

only one amino acid

deletion

all amino acids

Multiple Choice

A segment of DNA has the sequence TAC - GGG - AGA. Which of the following mutations to this sequence would be considered a silent mutation? (Hint: Transcribe each option to mRNA and check the amino acid).

• TAC - GGC - AGA

• TAC - GGG - ATC

• TAG - GGG - AGA

• TAC - GTG - AGA

Drag and Drop

DNA mutations occur in the ​

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where the genetic instructions are stored. However, the mutated protein is actually built at the ​

Placeholder

in the cytoplasm.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

nucleus

ribosome

Multiple Choice

Mutations in DNA can occur naturally during replication, but they can also be caused by external environmental factors. Which of the following is an environmental factor that is known to cause changes in the DNA sequence?

• Exposure to UV radiation from the sun

• Excessive exercise

• Eating genetically modified foods

• Exposure to cold temperatures