Unit 7 - age of revolutions

Open Ended

If you had absolute power over your city, what's the first thing you would change? Why?

Imagine you are a monarch who believes you were chosen by God to rule. How would this belief, known as divine right, influence your decisions and how you treat your subjects?

Open Ended

Using the photo, what traits does King Louis XIV show that makes him an leader with absolute ruler? Explain why.

Open Ended

1. 1. What is the Palace of Versailles a symbol of?
   a. The French Revolution
   b. The wealth of the common people
   c. Louis XIV's absolute power
   d. The decline of nobility

   2. At what age did Louis XIV ascend to the throne?
   a. 10
   b. 15
   c. 5
   d. 20

   3. What concept did Louis XIV believe in regarding his right to rule?
   a. The Social Contract
   b. Divine Right of Kings
   c. Constitutional Monarchy
   d. Democracy

   4. Why did Louis XIV move the court and government to Versailles?
   a. To escape the city
   b. To consolidate his power and control the nobility
   c. To promote trade
   d. To establish a military base

   5. What was one significant outcome of Louis XIV's reign?
   a. The establishment of a republic
   b. France becoming the richest nation in Europe
   c. The end of European wars
   d. The decline of the arts

Multiple Select

Which of the following were reforms implemented by King Louis XIV during his reign?

• Never called meeting of Estates General

• Recruited more soldiers for the French army

• Collected more taxes, primarily from the 3rd estate

• Encouraged foreign imports over exports

Palace of Versailles

•Housed around 10,000 people

–Royal Family, Nobles, Officials, Servants

•Symbol of Wealth

–Finest Art

–Elaborate decorations

–Entertainment (music, plays, etc.)

France under King Louis

Open Ended

Using the photo, what traits does Peter the Great show that makes him an leader with absolute ruler? Explain why.

Open Ended

1. 1. Which conflict helped Russia gain land and boost Peter’s status?
   A. Crimean War
   B. Great Northern War
   C. Thirty Years’ War
   D. War of the Three Kingdoms

   2. Why did Tsar Alexis make agricultural slaves into serfs?
   A. Encourage migration
   B. Increase farming innovation
   C. Tie workers to land and protect noble wealth
   D. Reduce church power

   3. Why did Peter move the capital to St. Petersburg?
   A. Moscow was unsafe
   B. Closer to Ottomans
   C. He preferred a more European-style city
   D. Better farmland

   4. What was the goal of Peter’s Table of Ranks?
   A. Keep noble birth as power
   B. Promote religious leaders
   C. Reward service and ability
   D. Replace nobles with elected officials

Multiple Select

Which of the following were reforms implemented by Peter the Great to strengthen Russia?

• Encouraged exporting (Mercantilism)

• Built St. Petersburg to show off wealth

• Forced Boyars to shave their beards or pay a tax

• All of the above

Poll

Knowing what you know now, who do you think projects a stronger image of absolute power?

• King Louis

• Peter the Great

Multiple Choice

Examine absolutism under Tsar Peter the Great

• Peter the Great focused solely on agricultural reforms.
• Peter the Great exemplified absolutism by consolidating power and modernizing Russia.
• Peter the Great rejected absolutism in favor of democracy.
• Peter the Great was known for his isolationist policies.

Multiple Choice

Examine absolutism through a comparison of the reigns of Louis XIV and Tsar Peter the Great

• Both rulers rejected any form of centralized power and promoted democracy.
• Both Louis XIV and Tsar Peter the Great exemplified absolutism through centralized power, but with different focuses: cultural dominance for Louis XIV and modernization for Peter.
• Louis XIV focused solely on military expansion, while Peter the Great prioritized agriculture.
• Louis XIV and Peter the Great were contemporaries who ruled simultaneously in different regions.

Open Ended

Imagine you are Galileo. You've just used your telescope to find evidence that proves the Earth revolves around the sun, a theory that goes against what the Church has taught for centuries. Would you publish your findings and risk punishment, or would you stay silent? Explain your decision.

Poll

For over 1,500 years, the smartest people in the world believed this to be true.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which theory challenged the long-held belief that the Earth was at the center of the universe during the Scientific Revolution?

• Geocentric theory

• Heliocentric theory

• Evolutionary theory

• Quantum theory

Open Ended

1. What idea did Aristotle teach about the universe before the Scientific Revolution?
   A. The Sun was the center
   B. The Earth was the center
   C. Planets moved in ellipses
   D. Stars were made of matter like Earth

2. What helped spread new scientific ideas quickly?
   A. Guilds
   B. Printing press
   C. Feudal lords
   D. Crusades

3. What model of the universe did Copernicus propose?
   A. Geocentric
   B. Lunar-centric
   C. Heliocentric
   D. Static universe

4. What did Galileo use to support heliocentrism?
   A. Astrology charts
   B. Bloodletting
   C. Telescope observations
   D. Chemical tests

5. What did Newton’s work explain?
   A. Humoral theory
   B. Universal gravity
   C. Multiple blood systems
   D. Alchemy

Open Ended

1. What idea did Copernicus publish in 1543?
   A. Earth stands still at the center
   B. Earth rotates and orbits the Sun
   C. Sun orbits Earth yearly
   D. Planets move in perfect circles

2. Which discoveries strengthened support for heliocentrism?
   A. New star charts
   B. Telescope findings like Jupiter’s moons and Venus’s phases
   C. Improved maps of Earth
   D. Chemical tests on metals

3. Why was Galileo investigated in 1615?
   A. He denied gravity
   B. He built the first telescope
   C. He supported Earth’s motion, seen as contradicting Scripture
   D. He refused to publish his work

4. What did the Inquisition decide in 1616?
   A. Heliocentrism was fully proven
   B. Earth’s motion was false and theologically wrong
   C. Galileo was guilty of formal heresy
   D. Copernicus’s book should be promoted

5. What was Galileo’s punishment in 1633?
   A. Execution
   B. Exile from Italy
   C. House arrest and banning of his book
   D. Loss of citizenship

Multiple Choice

Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation was revolutionary because it explained how the same force governed both:

• Only celestial bodies.
• Only objects on Earth.
• Celestial bodies and objects on Earth.
• Magnetic forces and electrical forces.

Multiple Choice

What was Johannes Kepler's major mathematical contribution to the Scientific Revolution?

• experiments with falling bodies.

• laws of motion.

• laws of planetary motion.

• heliocentric model.

Multiple Choice

How did the scientific ideas of Copernicus and Newton most directly impact the European worldview and lead to the Enlightenment?

• They proved that the universe was mysterious and unpredictable.

• They led to a widespread return to medieval superstition.

• They encouraged people to use reason to solve problems in politics and society.

• They promoted the idea that a monarch's power came from divine right.

Open Ended

Imagine a society without any rules or government. You and your classmates have to create one from scratch. What three rules would you establish to protect everyone's rights and keep the peace? Explain why each rule is important.

Poll

The government should have the power to monitor all communication (texts, calls, emails) to ensure national security.

• I strongly agree with this rule.

• I somewhat agree with this rule.

• I somewhat disagree with this rule.

• I strongly disagree with this rule.

Poll

People should have the right to say whatever they want, even if it is offensive to others.

• I strongly agree with this rule.

• I somewhat agree with this rule.

• I somewhat disagree with this rule.

• I strongly disagree with this rule.

Poll

A ruler’s power comes from a contract with the people they govern, not from God.

• I strongly agree with this rule.

• I somewhat agree with this rule.

• I somewhat disagree with this rule.

• I strongly disagree with this rule.

Poll

Every person is born with a right to own property and no one can take it away without a fair trial

• I strongly agree with this rule.

• I somewhat agree with this rule.

• I somewhat disagree with this rule.

• I strongly disagree with this rule.

Open Ended

1. What key issue did John Locke address in 1689?
   A. God’s existence
   B. Who should hold political power
   C. How to run an economy
   D. Which religion is best

2. Which rights did Locke say all people are born with?
   A. Life, liberty, property
   B. Life, security, education
   C. Liberty, equality, fraternity
   D. Property, wealth, status

3. What does Locke say a government must have to rightfully demand obedience?
   A. Divine approval
   B. Military control
   C. People’s free consent
   D. Hereditary rule

4. How did Locke say people should respond to a government that repeatedly abuses power?
   A. Accept punishment
   B. Withdraw consent and give power to those who protect rights
   C. Ask the king to raise taxes
   D. Rely on the church

5. Which American document and leader were influenced by Locke, according to the video?
   A. Federalist Papers & Hamilton
   B. Declaration of Independence & Jefferson
   C. Bill of Rights & Madison
   D. Articles of Confederation & Adams

Open Ended

1. How does the video define the Enlightenment?
   A. A religious revival
   B. A European movement using reason to study society
   C. A 19th-century French revolution
   D. A science movement in astronomy and physics

2. Who said dividing government power prevents tyranny?
   A. Voltaire
   B. Montesquieu
   C. Rousseau
   D. Adam Smith

3. What economic idea did Adam Smith support?
   A. Mercantilism
   B. Laissez-faire markets
   C. Government-run industry
   D. Feudal economics

4. How did thinkers like Voltaire view religion?
   A. Supported church power
   B. Favored deism and criticized intolerance
   C. Promoted miracles as knowledge
   D. Wanted religion to rule government

5. What did Rousseau and Locke agree on?
   A. No natural rights; divine-right monarchy
   B. Natural rights and government by consent
   C. Only nobles should rule
   D. Government by the church

Multiple Choice

Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke their relationship to politics and society.

• Government should be based on hereditary rule.
• Natural rights are granted by the government.
• Individual freedoms are not essential to society.
• Major ideas of the Enlightenment from Locke include natural rights, government by consent, and the protection of individual freedoms.

Multiple Choice

Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Voltaire their relationship to politics and society.

• Promotion of religious intolerance
• Advocacy for censorship and limited expression
• Major ideas of the Enlightenment from Voltaire include reason, freedom of speech, civil liberties, and separation of church and state, which relate to politics and society by advocating for individual rights and questioning authority.
• Emphasis on monarchy and absolute rule

Multiple Choice

Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society

• Rousseau's major ideas include the social contract, individual freedom, the general will, and critiques of social inequality, all of which shaped modern political and social thought.
• Rousseau's writings focused solely on economic theories and ignored social issues.
• Rousseau believed that society should prioritize collective oppression over individual rights.
• Rousseau advocated for absolute monarchy and the divine right of kings.

Multiple Choice

Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau, and their relationship to politics and society.

• Voltaire believed in censorship and suppression of dissenting opinions.
• Rousseau advocated for the abolition of all forms of government.
• The major ideas of the Enlightenment include natural rights (Locke), freedom of speech and religious tolerance (Voltaire), and the social contract (Rousseau), all of which significantly influenced modern politics and society.
• The Enlightenment emphasized absolute monarchy and divine right.

Open Ended

Imagine your government makes a law that you and your family believe is unfair. What would it take for you to risk everything to start a revolution and completely change the system?

Poll

Would you rather...

• Live under a king who promises stability and order but allows for no debate or dissent, and you have no say in the laws that govern you?

• Join a revolution that promises liberty and equality but risks your life, your family's safety, and could lead to chaos and war?

English Revolution (1689)

• Known as “The Glorious Revolution”

• James II of England would become ruler after his brother Charles II

  • Very devoted Catholic

  • Instilled fear of restoring the Roman Catholic Church (at the time, England was Protestant)

English Revolution (1689)

•    James II had Catholic son and Protestant daughter, Mary

⎯ The Protestant Plan:

* Wanted to use Mary to take down father so that she and her husband William of Orange could take throne

* Would make them promise to ensure Parliament’s power

* Made Mary and William of Orange accept English Bill of Rights to guarantee Parliament’s superiority over monarch

•    Protestant plan successful… James II fled to France

Open Ended

1.   What idea did James I and Charles I strongly support?
   A. Popular sovereignty
   B. Divine Right of Kings
   C. Socialism
   D. Federalism

     What did the Petition of Right (1628) limit?
   A. Parliament’s power
   B. Church authority
   C. The king’s ability to tax without Parliament
   D. Military service

     Who led the New Model Army during the English Civil War?
   A. Charles I
   B. James II
   C. Oliver Cromwell
   D. John Locke

     What was a major outcome of the Glorious Revolution?
   A. Absolute monarchy strengthened
   B. Parliament gained power through a Bill of Rights
   C. England became a theocracy
   D. Civil war restarted

     How did John Locke’s ideas differ from Thomas Hobbes?
   A. Locke supported absolute monarchy
   B. Locke believed people were born free with natural rights
   C. Locke rejected government
   D. Locke believed humans were naturally evil

Multiple Choice

Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689)

• The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of constitutional monarchy and the Bill of Rights 1689.
• The Bill of Rights was created in 1776 as a result of the revolution.
• The revolution led to the establishment of a dictatorship.
• The Glorious Revolution resulted in the abolition of the monarchy.

American Revolution (1776)

• Known as the Revolutionary War

• 13 original colonies in North America supplied Great Britain with economic resources 

  • Natural resources, cash crops, paid taxes, traded new materials

• Colonists angry about being taxed without representation in English Parliament

  • Declared war against Britain in 1775

  • Wrote Declaration of Independence in 1776 during war

  • Fighting continued until 1781, treaty signed 1783

•    1783, Britain acknowledged colonies as United States of America

•    1787, U.S. Constitution written, protecting them against absolute rule

Open Ended

1.   Why was joining the American Revolution risky in the 1770s?
   A. It guaranteed independence
   B. The outcome was uncertain and dangerous
   C. Britain supported the colonists
   D. There was no fighting

     Why did many enslaved African Americans side with the British?
   A. Britain promised land
   B. Britain promised freedom to enslaved people who joined them
   C. Colonists banned slavery
   D. They disliked Native Americans

      Why did many Native American nations support the British?
   A. They wanted independence
   B. Britain restricted colonial expansion westward (Proclamation of 1763)
   C. Colonists promised land rights
   D. They had no political goals

     Why might wealthy landowners hesitate to support the Revolution?
   A. They hated taxes
   B. They feared losing land and status if the revolt failed
   C. They supported democracy
   D. They wanted lower wages

     Why did poor white men often join the Continental Army?
   A. Forced to join immediately
   B. Promised money and land, increasing status
   C. They supported Britain
   D. They avoided danger

Poll

Would you have joined the American Revolution

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in United States (1776)

• Colonial discontent with British rule led to the American Revolution, resulting in independence and the formation of the United States.
• Economic prosperity led to the American Revolution, resulting in a stronger British Empire.
• The American Revolution was caused by a desire for more British colonies, leading to increased territorial control.
• The revolution was primarily driven by foreign intervention, resulting in the establishment of a monarchy.

Haitian Revolution (1791)

Pre-Revolution

• Economy

  • 2nd top importer of slaves

  • Owned by France

  • Large sugar cane plantations (Hard manual 

labor, long hours, hot climate)

• Society

  • White plantation owners banned other races

  • Blacks outnumber whites 10:1

  • Slaves began to organize revolts

Haitian Revolution (1791)

Revolution

• Began with revolt of black African slaves

• Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

• French were outnumbered and lost

• Haitians declared independence

• Considered one of the most successful slave rebellions in history

• Haiti became first free black republic; no slavery

Multiple Choice

Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in Haiti (1791)

• Economic prosperity and trade agreements
• Colonial expansion and land acquisition
• Support from neighboring countries
• The causes include slavery, French revolutionary ideals, and leadership; the result was Haiti's independence and abolition of slavery.

Latin American Revolution (1808-1825)

• Europe dominated most of Latin America

  • New Enlightenment ideas and earlier revolutions increased people’s discontent with colonial rule

  • Revolutionary leaders emerged:

    • Simon Bolivar (“The Liberator”)

      • Favored democracy and helped to liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia

    • Jose de San Martin

      • Favored a monarchy and helped liberate Argentina from Spain

• Effects of Revolution

  • Colonial rule ends in much of Latin America

  • 18 separate republics are set up

  • Efforts to achieve democratic governments continue

Multiple Choice

Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in Latin America (1808-1825)

• The revolutions were caused by Enlightenment ideas, social inequalities, and weakened Spanish authority, resulting in independence and political instability.
• The revolutions were sparked by religious conflicts and resulted in the establishment of monarchies.
• The revolutions were driven by foreign intervention and led to immediate peace and stability.
• The revolutions were primarily caused by economic prosperity and resulted in greater wealth distribution.

Open Ended

Think about a time you felt that something was really unfair. Maybe it was a rule at home, a grade at school, or a situation with a friend. What was the absolute "last straw" that made you say, "This has to change!"?

Agenda

Warmups
Hook
Lesson

Poll

Would you rather...

• Be a member of the Second Estate? You get to live a life of luxury, never pay taxes, and hold positions of power, but you risk being hated by 97% of the population and losing everything if a revolution breaks out.

• Be a member of the Third Estate? You have no political power, pay almost all of the taxes, and may struggle to feed your family, but you have the chance to fight for equality and maybe even seize power in a revolution.

French Revolution (1789

3rd Estate of France fed up with corrupt leadership and mistreatment

• Huge government debt from kings’ overspending

• 1st and 2nd Estates received all privileges

• Poor harvesting led to starvation in 3rd Estate

• Political problems

Estates General only allowed one vote per estate

3rd Estate always outvoted even though it contained 98% of population

Dropdown

The First Estate was made up of ​

Select answer

.The Second Estate was made of ​

Select answer

. The Third Esate was made up of ​

Select answer

.

National Assembly (1789-1791)

Steps to French Revolution

• Third Estate declared themselves a National Assembly

  • Invited leaders from the other estates to join

  • Began writing constitution based on Enlightenment ideas

  • Took “Tennis Court Oath”

• Rumors spread King Louis XVI planned to break up the assembly

• 800 members of National Assembly stormed the Bastille (a medieval prison which was thought to hold weapons and ammunition)

• No weapons were found but symbolized the beginning of the French Revolution

Open Ended

1. Which Estate was the only one required to pay taxes?
   A. First Estate
   B. Second Estate
   C. Third Estate
   D. Royal family

   Why did the Third Estate form the National Assembly?
   A. Opposed foreign wars
   B. Wanted fairer representation
   C. Wanted to end the monarchy
   D. Supported the king’s reforms

   Why did many nobles flee France early in the Revolution?
   A. Feared losing privileges
   B. Wanted to aid the king
   C. Opposed the American Revolution
   D. Wanted new taxes on peasants

   How did the Enlightenment influence the Revolution?
   A. Supported absolute monarchy
   B. Encouraged demands for rights
   C. Strengthened the Church
   D. Promoted feudalism

   What happened after the king fired Jacques Necker?
   A. Nobles got more land
   B. Bastille was stormed
   C. France won a war
   D. King gained support

Reign of Terror (1792-1793)

• Committee of Public Safety

  • Formed to protect new government and remove traitors 

  • Anyone considered an enemy of “New France” was killed (supporters of the monarchy)

  • Guillotine was popular method of killing

  • Between 20,000-40,000 were killed

• King Louis XVI of France and his wife, Marie Antoinette were both killed by guillotine

The Directory (1795-1799)

• 5 directors held executive power in France

• Directory = Corruption

  • Each director wanted absolute power

• 2 of the members plotted with Napoleon Bonaparte to end the Directory

• A coup (uprising) by Napoleon brought the Directory to an end

Open Ended

1. Why was France in debt by 1789?
   A. Paying for Versailles
   B. Funding the American Revolution
   C. Buying land from Britain
   D. Ending all taxes

   What did the Third Estate do when the Estates General deadlocked?
   A. Supported the king
   B. Became the National Assembly
   C. Voted to raise taxes
   D. Ended the monarchy immediately

   Why did people storm the Bastille?
   A. To free many prisoners
   B. To get weapons
   C. To meet the king
   D. To escape famine

   What did the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen say?
   A. Kings get power from God
   B. Rights belong to all people
   C. Nobles must rule
   D. Only the rich can vote

   What was the Reign of Terror?
   A. A foreign invasion
   B. A period of mass executions
   C. A return to monarchy
   D. A time of peace and reforms

Multiple Choice

Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in France (1789)

• The French Revolution was caused by social inequality, economic hardship, and Enlightenment ideas, leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic.
• The main cause was the influence of foreign invasions and wars.
• The French Revolution was caused by a strong monarchy and military power.
• The revolution resulted in the immediate restoration of the monarchy.

Open Ended

How can one person rise to control most of Europe—and then lose it all?
What factors do you think help someone gain power, and what might cause that power to fall apart?

Poll

Would you rather be a French soldier loyal to the revolutionary government, fighting for liberty and equality, or join a charismatic new general, Napoleon Bonaparte, who promises glory and stability but might undermine the ideals you fought for?

• Stay loyal to the Republic

• Follow Napoleon

Word Cloud

Why did you chose the decision you did?

Age of Napoleon (1799-1815)

• The Consulate

  • Government formed by Napoleon and 2 members of the old Directory

  • Napoleon declared himself 1st consul giving him REAL power over French government

• French Expansion: Napoleon declared war on surrounding countries to gain land

• Napoleon’s Rule

  • Granted constitutions & created efficient govts

  • Introduced Napoleonic Code

    • Set of laws that embodied equality for all citizens before the law

    • Advancement based on merit

  • Abolished feudalism 

  • Fostered education, science, literature and arts.

• 1804- Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France

Napoleon’s 1st defeat

•Failed invasion of Russia in 1812

–Country too large, couldn’t handle harsh winters

•Forced to retreat, French army was destroyed

Napoleon Resigned

•Loss to Russia = Napoleon gave up leadership of France

•Monarchy returned with Louis XVIII as king

•Napoleon exiled to Elba (island in Mediterranean Sea)

•Returned to France after a year b/c French people wanted him back

Napoleon’s Final Defeat: Battle of Waterloo

•France vs. England and Prussia

•Heavy rain and terrain of land posed a challenge to his forces

•Napoleon’s forces lost, Napoleon banished to island   of St. Helena in 1815

•Died on island in 1821 of stomach cancer

Open Ended

1.   What worried European monarchs after 1789?
   A. Loss of trade routes
   B. Spread of revolutionary ideas
   C. French economic collapse
   D. Peace treaties with France

   2. Which reform of Napoleon kept a key revolutionary value?
   A. Restoring the monarchy
   B. Abolishing freedom of religion
   C. Equality before the law for men
   D. Expanding noble privileges

   3. Why did some argue France needed Napoleon?
   A. The Directory was unstable
   B. France had no written laws
   C. Europe supported the revolution
   D. Women held most power

   4. Which action contradicted Napoleon’s claim of equality?
   A. Forming the Consulate
   B. Reinstating slavery
   C. Ending wars with Britain
   D. Voting on a constitution

   5. Which long-term impact is linked to Napoleon’s rule?
   A. Return to feudal kingdoms
   B. Spread of modern nation states
   C. Collapse of all armies
   D. End of nationalism

Impact of Napoleon

• French law reflects Napoleonic Code even today

  • More citizens with rights to property and access to education

• Helped spread nationalistic ideas, which spurred on more revolutions

  • Ex: Latin American Revolution

• Increased prosperity in Atlantic by selling Louisiana Territory to the U.S.

Multiple Choice

Explain Napoleon’s rise to power

• He was elected president of France by popular vote.
• Napoleon rose to power by leveraging military victories, political strategy, and the chaos of the French Revolution.
• Napoleon was a famous writer before becoming a leader.
• Napoleon inherited the throne from his father.

Multiple Choice

Explain the role of geography in Napoleon's defeat

• Napoleon's defeat was caused by a shortage of cavalry units.
• The weather in France was the main factor in his defeat.
• Napoleon's defeat was significantly influenced by the vast distances and harsh conditions of the Russian terrain, which strained his supply lines and troop morale.
• Napoleon's defeat was primarily due to a lack of experienced generals.

Multiple Choice

Explain consequences of France’s defeat for Europe after Napoleon fell

• France's defeat resulted in a shift towards conservative governance, the establishment of a balance of power, and the rise of nationalism across Europe.
• France's defeat caused a significant increase in colonial expansion by European powers.
• France's defeat resulted in the unification of all European nations under a single government.
• France's defeat led to the immediate spread of communism across Europe.