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It is a statistical procedure that is used to draw inferences or information about the properties or characteristics by a large group of people, places or things on the basis of the information obtained from a small portion of a large group.

It is concerned with making decisions about a large body of data in the population of interest by using a smaller portion or sample of that population.

Multiple Choice

Lexie is a waitress. She believes that she earns more tips, on average, when she curls her hair before work rather than pulling it back in a ponytail. In order to investigate this belief, she writes “curls” on 30 slips of paper and “ponytail” on 30 slips of paper, puts them in a hat and mixes them well. Each time she gets ready for work she randomly selects one piece of paper to determine how she should do her hair that day. Using the data she collects, she carries out a t test for a difference in means in order to test the hypotheses shown above where $$\mu$$  C = the mean amount of tips that Lexie would make for all days in which she curls her hair and $$\mu$$  P = the mean amount of tips that Lexie would make for all days in which she pulls her hair up in a ponytail. The P-value of this test is 0.0375. What is the interpretation of this value?

• Assuming the true difference (Curls – Ponytail) in the mean amount of tips received is 0, there is a 0.0375 probability that Lexie would observe a difference in sample means as greater or greater than she did by chance alone.

• Assuming that the true mean amount of tips that Lexie would receive while wearing curls is greater than the true mean amount of tips that Lexie would receive while wearing her hair in a ponytail, there is 0.0375 probability that the null hypothesis would be rejected.

•  The P-value indicates that there is a probability of 0.0375 that the null hypothesis is true.

• Because the P-value is less than  $$\alpha$$   = 0.05, Lexie should fail to reject the null hypothesis and interpret the results to mean that she has proven that she makes more money in tips when she curls her hair.

•  There is a 0.0375 probability that Lexie will make more money in tips when she wears her hair in curls opposed to wearing her hair in a ponytail.

Multiple Choice

Before a nationwide election, a polling place was trying to see who would win. Which choice best represents a sample?

• A selection of voters over age 50

• A selection of voters of different ages

• A selection of male voters

• All registered voters

Multiple Choice

What are the different types of populations mentioned in the text?

• Infinite population

• Finite population

• Accessible population

• Eligible population

Multiple Choice

What is a sample in statistics?

• A subset of elements from a population

• The entire population

• A random selection of elements

• A method of data collection

Multiple Choice

What is a probabilistic sample?

• A sample that is not representative of the population

• A sample where every member has a known probability of being included

• A sample that includes only a few members of the population

• A sample that is randomly selected without any criteria

Multiple Choice

What is a probabilistic sample and why is it important?

• It reflects similarities and differences in the population

• It is not useful for research

• It only includes a small part of the population

• It is always biased

Multiple Choice

There are 15 circles in the population.

20% of the circles are red.

The best representative sample would also have 20% red circles.

It is RARE for your sample to be EXACTLY the same. We hope the sample is SIMILAR or CLOSE.

In a sample of 3 each circle is 33% (so not 20%). Which sample is the MOST representative of the population?

Which is the BEST sample of the 4 random samples?

Multiple Choice

 To predict the performance of her first period class on their next quiz​, a teacher randomly selects eight students from the class and takes the mean of their scores on the last quiz. Is this sample representative of the​ class's performance on the quiz​?

• No, because it is a random sample.

• ​No, because the students were chosen from the best students in the class.

• Yes, because the students were chosen based on their class average.

• Yes, because it is a random sample.

Multiple Choice

Leslie surveyed the 9 youngest students in the elementary school.  Is this sample of the students in the school likely to be representative?

• yes
• no

Multiple Choice

 To predict the performance of her first period class on their next quiz​, a teacher randomly selects eight students from the class and takes the mean of their scores on the last quiz. Is this sample representative of the​ class's performance on the quiz​? Use pencil and paper. Explain.

• No, because it is a simple random sample.

• ​No, because the students were chosen from the best students in the class.

• Yes, because the students were chosen based on their class average.

• Yes, because it is a simple random sample.

Multiple Choice

What is the main objective of the study on hypertension in individuals over 65 years old in Morelia?

• To know the characteristics of all hypertensive individuals

• To access data from a specific number of patients

• To understand the quality of life of hypertensive patients

• To conduct statistical inference

Multiple Choice

Use the data from the sample to estimate the parameter of interest. Report your answer with two decimal places.

• xbar = 80.44

• mu = 70.00

• mu = 80.44

• xbar = 70.00

Multiple Choice

What are the two fundamental concepts that inferential statistics is based on?

• Population and sample

• Mean and median

• Variance and standard deviation

• Probability and statistics

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of sampling in statistics?

• To infer properties of a population

• To select a random sample

• To ensure representativity

• To analyze data

Open Ended

¿Cómo se determina, o cuál debe ser, el número de unidades de observación (personas, hogares, animales, objetos, etc.) que se deben estudiar?

Multiple Choice

Why is the sample size important in a study?

• It affects the accuracy of the results

• It determines the duration of the study

• It has no impact on the findings

• It is only relevant for large studies

Multiple Choice

If I wanted to know how many blades of grass are inside the track, which sampling method could I use?

• Have my students count every blade of grass
• Guess
• Divide the grassy area into 1 inch sections, randomly pick several sections to count, average them together and multiply that by the total square inches.

Multiple Choice

What is the importance of having an optimal sample size in research?

• To ensure accurate results

• To minimize costs

• To increase sample diversity

• To reduce time spent on research

Multiple Choice

What is the definition of 'Unidad muestreal'?

• A set of elements extracted from the population that forms the sample.

• A method of sampling that includes all population elements.

• A statistical term for the average of a sample.

• A type of survey conducted in schools.

Multiple Choice

What are the criteria for inclusion, exclusion, and elimination in the study analysis units?

• Criteria for inclusion

• Criteria for exclusion

• Criteria for elimination

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

A local arts council has 200 members. The council president wanted to estimate the percent of its members who have had experience in writing grants. The president randomly selected 30 members and surveyed the selected members on their grant-writing experience. Of the 30 selected members, 12 indicated that they did have the experience. Have the conditions for inference with a one-sample z-interval been met?

• Yes, all conditions for inference have been met.

• No, because the sample size is not large enough to satisfy the conditions for normality.

• No, because the sample was not selected at random.

• No, because the sample size is not less than 10 percent of the population size

• No, because the sample is not representative of the population.

Multiple Choice

What are the advantages of working with a sample of the population?

• It guarantees more reliable results

• It is faster and more economical

• It allows for larger sample sizes

• It ensures validity of the study

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic in research?

• A parameter is derived from a sample, while a statistic is derived from a population.

• A parameter is a value derived from a variable, while a statistic is an estimation of the population parameters.

• A statistic is always more accurate than a parameter.

• A parameter is a hypothesis, while a statistic is a question.

Multiple Choice

What factors influence the required sample size in studies comparing treatments for hypercholesterolemia?

• Variability in lipid values

• Number of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia

• Expected effect size

• Homogeneity of baseline values

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between the universe and the sample in research?

• The universe is a subset of the sample

• The sample is a representation of the universe

• The universe and sample are unrelated

• The sample is larger than the universe

Multiple Choice

What type of sampling is shown?

• Simple Random Sample

• Systematic Sample

• Cluster Sample

• Stratified Sample

Poll

¿Qué tan seguro te sientes acerca de este tema ahora?

• Muy confiado
• Algo confiado
• No estoy seguro

Poll

¿Qué tan seguro te sientes acerca de este tema ahora?

• Muy confiado
• Algo confiado
• No estoy seguro