Fall Term 2 Week 7 period 7 CART

Multiple Choice

Identify the structure labelled "C" in the diagram.

• Kidney

• Ureter

• Bladder

• Urethra

Multiple Choice

What are the potential effects of a urinary tract infection (UTI) on the urinary system?

• Urethritis

• Cystitis

• Pyelonephritis

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

What is the location of the kidneys in the human body?

• In the front of the abdominal cavity

• High in back of the abdominal cavity

• In the chest cavity

• Near the bladder

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the outer region of the kidney?

• renal cortex

• renal medulla

• renal pyramid

• renal pelvis

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the hilum in the kidney?

• Entry/exit for renal artery, vein, ureter

• Protective covering

• Surrounding fat layers

• Concave medial border

Multiple Choice

How does blood from the kidney return to systemic circulation?

• renal arterioles

• renal pelvis

• vena cava

• aorta

Multiple Choice

Based on the nephron diagram provided, identify the nephron structure designated by the red arrow.

• descending loop of henle

• ascending loop of henle

• proximal convoluted tubule

• distal convoluted tubule

Multiple Choice

What occurs in the glomerulus during the filtration stage?

• Reabsorption of nutrients

• Filtration of water, salts, and small solutes

• Secretion of waste products

• Formation of urine

Multiple Choice

What are the main functions of the reabsorption stage in the nephron?

• Returns glucose, amino acids, salts to blood

• Filters out toxins

• Produces urine

• Regulates blood pressure

Multiple Choice

What is the role of the secretion stage in the urinary system?

• To filter blood

• To add excess ions, acids, and waste to filtrate

• To reabsorb water

• To regulate blood pressure

Multiple Choice

When the level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increases

• more urine is produced

• Less water is reabsorbed by the nephron

• Less urine is produced

• More salts are secreted by the nephron

Multiple Choice

What is the role of Renin in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System?

• Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

• Stimulates aldosterone secretion

• Raises blood pressure

• Reabsorbs sodium

Multiple Choice

What are the effects of aldosterone as released from the adrenal cortex?

• Increases sodium reabsorption

• Decreases water retention

• Lowers blood volume

• Lowers blood pressure

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of ADH?

• Promotes water reabsorption

• Increases urine volume

• Inhibits aquaporins

• Stimulates aldosterone release

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of the ureters?

• To filter blood

• To carry urine to the bladder

• To store urine

• To produce urine

Multiple Choice

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

• Voluntary

• Involuntary

• Semi-voluntary

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

What is the function of the detrusor muscle in the urinary bladder?

• Controls urine storage

• Controls contraction

• Stores urine until release

• Creates transitional epithelium

Multiple Choice

What triggers the micturition reflex?

• When the bladder reaches ~50 mL

• When the bladder reaches ~150 mL

• When the bladder reaches ~200 mL

• When the bladder reaches ~100 mL

Open Ended

Why might a female be more prone to a urinary tract infection than a male?

Multiple Choice

What are the main differences between the internal and external sphincters?

• Internal sphincter is voluntary

• External sphincter is involuntary

• Internal sphincter controls continence

• External sphincter is skeletal muscle

Multiple Choice

The male urethra is a passageway for urine and seminal fluid, while the female urethra is for urine only.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which sphincter operates under voluntary control?

• pyloric sphincter

• cardioesphageal sphincter

• external anal sphincter

• internal anal sphincter

Multiple Choice

What are the key differences between male and female urethra?

• Male urethra is longer and carries semen

• Female urethra is longer and carries semen

• Male urethra is shorter and has higher UTI risk

• Female urethra is only used for urine passage

Multiple Choice

Afferent arteriole vasoconstriction and efferent arteriole vasodilation will result in

• an increased GFR

• no changes to the GFR

• a decreased GFR

• IDK

Open Ended

What is meant by hydrostatic pressure?

Multiple Choice

What does a dark urine color indicate in urinalysis?

• Dehydration

• Infection

• Normal hydration

• High protein intake

Multiple Choice

What is the significance of detecting leukocytes in a urine sample?

• Indicates a possible urinary tract obstruction

• Suggests a potential urinary tract infection

• Signifies proper kidney function

• Shows a normal urine composition

Multiple Choice

How can urine clarity be described when it contains many particles?

• Clear

• Cloudy

• Colored

• Transparent

Multiple Choice

Under normal conditions, which of the following substances is found in urine?

• blood cells

• protein

• glucose

• urea

Open Ended

Compare polyuria with anuria.

Open Ended

How is blood pH affected by osmolarity?

Open Ended

Why is diuretic use NOT suggested for patients with kidney stones?