Unit 7 Lecture Notes

Multiple Choice

What was the main difference between how natural philosophers in the Middle Ages and scientists in the Scientific Revolution approached understanding the physical world?

• Natural philosophers relied on ancient authorities, while scientists in the Scientific Revolution relied on observation and experimentation.

• Natural philosophers used advanced technology, while scientists in the Scientific Revolution ignored technology.

• Natural philosophers focused on mathematics, while scientists in the Scientific Revolution focused on art.

• Natural philosophers believed in magic, while scientists in the Scientific Revolution believed in religion.

Fill in the Blank

European scholars accepted the geocentric view because it seemed to agree with ___ sense.

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about the geocentric view of the universe are correct?

• It was supported by ancient Greek thinkers.

• It was proposed by Ptolemy.

• It describes the Sun as the center of the universe.

• It was accepted by European scholars up to the mid-1500s.

Multiple Choice

Who published 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' in 1453?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Galileo Galilei

• Isaac Newton

• Ptolemy

Open Ended

Describe the impact of Copernicus's publication 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' on scientific thought.

Multiple Choice

What is the heliocentric model of the universe proposed by Copernicus?

• The Earth is at the center of the universe

• The Moon is at the center of the universe

• The Sun is at the center of the universe

• The stars are at the center of the universe

Multiple Choice

Why did most experts reject Copernicus's heliocentric theory?

• It contradicted Church teachings and Ptolemy's teachings

• It was not supported by any evidence

• It was too complicated to understand

• It did not include the movement of planets

Fill in the Blank

If Ptolemy’s reasoning was wrong, what could be the consequence for human knowledge according to the lesson?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following actions did Tycho Brahe take to support astronomical research?

• He invented the telescope

• He set up an astronomical observatory

• He developed the theory of gravity

• He calculated the orbits of planets

Open Ended

Explain how Tycho Brahe contributed to the support of Copernicus’s theory.

Fill in the Blank

Johannes Kepler showed that planets move in oval-shaped orbits called ___.

Multiple Choice

Which scientist used new technology to assemble an astronomical telescope and challenged established scientific and religious thinking?

• Nicolaus Copernicus

• Johannes Kepler

• Galileo Galilei

• Isaac Newton

Open Ended

Describe the discoveries Galileo made with his telescope and explain how they supported Copernicus's theory about the movement of Earth.

Multiple Select

Which of the following were reasons other scholars and the church opposed Galileo's discoveries?

• His ideas contradicted ancient views about the world

• He supported the idea that heavens were fixed and perfect

• He challenged Christian teachings

• He invented the telescope

Fill in the Blank

In 1633, Galileo was tried before the Inquisition for suspicion of ___ and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

Open Ended

Why was Galileo threatened with death, and what did he have to publicly state to avoid this fate?

Fill in the Blank

Legend has it that Galileo left court muttering the phrase "___ it moves."

Multiple Choice

Which approach marked the beginning of the new scientific method in the early 1600s?

• Observation and experimentation

• Ancient thinkers' philosophies

• Teachings of the Bible

• Medieval scholars' beliefs

Open Ended

What are the key steps involved in the scientific method as shown in the diagram?

Multiple Choice

Who were the two major thinkers associated with the revolution in scientific thought?

• Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

• Isaac Newton and Galileo Galilei

• Aristotle and Plato

• Charles Darwin and Albert Einstein

Multiple Choice

Which scientific assumptions did Bacon and Descartes reject in their writings?

• Aristotle's scientific assumptions

• Newton's laws of motion

• Darwin's theory of evolution

• Copernicus' heliocentric theory

Fill in the Blank

Bacon stressed experimentation and ___ as essential to scientific progress.

Open Ended

How do new ways of thinking affect the way people respond to their surroundings?

Open Ended

Why do new ideas often spark change?