Civil Liberties/Civil Rights Review

What are civil liberties?

• make up the unwritten Constitution

• the rights to vote and participate in the political process

• laws that provide and set limits on one's freedoms

• individual legal and constitutional protections against the government

Where are American civil liberties found?

• the Preamble

• the Bill of Rights

• the Declaration of Independence

• Article IV

This is when there are written lies about a person that may damage their reputation.

• Censorship

• Slander

• Libel

• Bail

Which clause of the 14th Amendment is used as the basis for selective incorporation, and extends civil liberties to all?

• Citizenship

• Equal Protection

• Due Process

• Privileges and Immunities

This case struck down state funding for private religious schools. It ruled that state aid to church-related (parochial) schools must meet three tests: a) the purpose of the aid must be secular, b) the government's action must neither advance nor inhibit religion, and c) the government's action must not foster an "excessive entanglement" between government and religion.

• Oregon v. Smith
• Lemon v. Kurtzman
• New York Times v. Sullivan
• Texas v. Johnson

This ruling struck down state-sponsored prayer in public schools because school prayer is an unconstitutional violation of the Establishment Clause.

• Engel v. Vitale

• Sherbert v. Verner

• Mapp v. Ohio

• Gitlow v. United States

This decision ruled that the Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws and incorporated this provision to the states.

• Gideon v. Wainwright

• Near v. Minnesota

• New York Times v. United States

• Miranda v. Arizona

The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment

• prohibits government from sponsoring or supporting religious activity.

• establishes Protestantism as the official religion of the United States.

• prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of free speech.

• forbids the establishment of restrictions of free speech.

Which amendment applied the Bill of Rights to the states?

• 9th
• 10th
• 14th
• 15th

School employees need this to search students

• probable cause
• reasonable suspicion 
• search warrant
• never I got rights!