World in 1750 - French Rev

This is a ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people.

• Supreme Monarch

• Absolute Monarch

• Monarch

• Queen

Answer explanation

The question asks about a ruler who has complete authority over the government and lives of the people. The correct choice is 'Absolute Monarch' because it refers to a monarch who has unrestricted power and control over their subjects, unlike a Supreme Monarch, Monarch, or Queen, which do not necessarily imply absolute authority.

... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not

separate from legislative power and from executive

power. If it were joined to legislative power, the

power over the life and liberty of the citizens would

be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it

were joined to executive power, the judge could have

the force of an oppressor....

—Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

In this passage, Montesquieu references:

• A) Enlightened despotism

• B) A policy of mercantilism

• C) Separation of powers

• D) A social contract

Answer explanation

In this passage, Montesquieu discusses the importance of separating the powers of government to prevent arbitrary control and oppression. He specifically mentions the need for the judicial power to be separate from both legislative and executive powers. This concept is known as the separation of powers, which is the correct choice in this question.

... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not

separate from legislative power and from executive

power. If it were joined to legislative power, the

power over the life and liberty of the citizens would

be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it

were joined to executive power, the judge could have

the force of an oppressor....

—Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

One historical development that resulted from the

ideas expressed here was the:

• A) End of feudalism

• B) French Revolution

• C) Glorious Revolution

• D) Cultural Revolution

Answer explanation

Montesquieu's ideas in The Spirit of the Laws emphasized the separation of powers among legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This concept influenced the French Revolution, as revolutionaries sought to dismantle the absolute monarchy and establish a more balanced government system. The other options do not directly relate to Montesquieu's ideas or their historical impact.

... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not

separate from legislative power and from executive

power. If it were joined to legislative power, the

power over the life and liberty of the citizens would

be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it

were joined to executive power, the judge could have

the force of an oppressor....

—Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

Which document did this passage most heavily

influence?

• A) Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan

• B) Communist Manifesto

• C) Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen

• D) Magna Carta

Answer explanation

The passage from Montesquieu's 'The Spirit of the Laws' emphasizes the importance of separating legislative, executive, and judicial powers. This idea heavily influenced the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen, a key document of the French Revolution, which established the principles of separation of powers and protection of individual liberties.

[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for]

themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an

absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates

of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people

had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and

it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume

their original liberty. . . .

— John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government

Which idea is expressed in this passage?

• A) The people should give up their liberty to create

  an orderly society.

• B) People have the right to rebel if their natural

  rights are denied.

• C) Governments should be obeyed regardless of

  their actions.

• D) Liberty can only be guaranteed in a direct

  democracy.

Answer explanation

In this passage, John Locke argues that when a government or legislature takes absolute power over people's lives, liberties, and estates, they forfeit the power given to them by the people. As a result, the people have the right to resume their original liberty, which implies that they have the right to rebel if their natural rights are denied.

[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for]

themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an

absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates

of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people

had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and

it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume

their original liberty. . . .

— John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government

The ideas in this passage inspired which of the

following historical developments?

• A) Rise of absolute monarchs

• B) Spread of feudalism

• C) Rise of representative democracies

• D) Spread of Christianity

Answer explanation

The passage from John Locke's Two Treatises on Civil Government emphasizes the importance of people's rights and liberties, and the idea that power should be in the hands of the people. This concept inspired the rise of representative democracies, where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, ensuring that power remains with the people and not with absolute rulers or other entities.

[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for]

themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an

absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates

of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people

had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and

it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume

their original liberty. . . .

— John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government

With which of the following historical time periods

is this passage most closely associated?

• A) Middle Ages

• B) End of Imperialism

• C) Age of Enlightenment

• D) Age of Exploration

Answer explanation

The passage is most closely associated with the Age of Enlightenment. John Locke, the author of the passage, was a prominent philosopher during this period. His ideas on natural rights, liberty, and the social contract greatly influenced the development of modern political thought and the foundations of democratic governments.

In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke wrote that the purpose of government was to

• (1) keep kings in power

• (2) regulate the economy

• (3) expand territory

• (4) protect natural rights

Answer explanation

In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke argued that the primary purpose of government was to protect natural rights, such as life, liberty, and property. He believed that individuals have the right to protect these rights themselves, but they form governments to better ensure their protection. This idea contrasts with other options like keeping kings in power, regulating the economy, or expanding territory, which were not Locke's main focus.

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on

• (1) efforts to achieve salvation

• (2) faith in human reason

• (3) traditional practices

• (4) the inevitability of poverty

Answer explanation

The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers were based on faith in human reason. This intellectual movement emphasized the power of reason and rational thought to understand and improve the world. Unlike efforts to achieve salvation, traditional practices, or the inevitability of poverty, the Enlightenment focused on using reason to challenge established beliefs and promote progress.

One contribution that John Locke made to Enlightenment philosophy was the idea that

• (1) absolute monarchies should continue

• (2) the punishment should fit the crime

• (3) individual rights should be denied

• (4) governments should be based on the consent of the people

Answer explanation

John Locke, an influential Enlightenment philosopher, believed that governments should be based on the consent of the people. This idea was a significant contribution to Enlightenment philosophy, as it emphasized the importance of individual rights and the need for a government to serve its citizens, rather than ruling over them with absolute power. This concept is in contrast to the other options, which do not align with Locke's views on government and individual rights.