Cognitive factors (criminal behaviours)

Cognitive explanations are focused on the way that ________________ affects behaviour

• Biological factors

• Childhood experiences

• Thought process

• Social relationships

Cognitive distortion refers to_________________ thinking

• Rational

• Irrational

Which of the following cognitive distortions are particularly relevant to crime (choose one of the two right options)

• Being self-centered

• Minimalisation

• Blaming problems on others

• Hostile attribution bias

Minimalisation is a cognitive distortion where...

• consequences of a situation are over-estimated

• consequences of a situation are seen as the result of one's inadequacy

• Low sense of self-worth leads to a feeling of not being good enough

• consequences of a situation are under-estimated

Attribution in psychology refers to...

• What we think when we observe someone's actions and draw conclusions from it

• The way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced

Who of the following psychologists developed the famous theory of moral reasoning?

• B.F. Skinner

• S. Freud

• L. Kohlberg

• H. Eysenck

Which one of these is NOT a level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning

• Pre-conventional level

• Conventional level

• Re-conventional level

• Post-conventional level

According to Kolhberg, only _______% of adults reach the final level of moral reasoning.

• 10

• 15

• 20

• 25

According to Kolhberg, most criminals are likely to be at the ____________________ of moral reasoning.

• Post-conventional level

• Conventional level

• Semi-conventional level

• Pre-conventional level

Schonenberg et al. (2014) showed pictures of emotionally ambiguous faces to violent offenders. What did he find?

• The offenders downplayed the expressions they saw

• The offenders were more likely to exaggerate the expressions they saw

• The offenders were more likely to be indifferent about the expressions they saw

• The offenders were more likely to misinterpret any picture that had some expression of anger as aggression