Ch 19 - New Worldviews and Ways of Life

According to the Aristotelian view of the universe,

• heaven was only a spiritual imagining.

• the earth was composed of hundreds of unchangeable elements.

• the sun, earth, and all stars moved around each other in perfect circles.

• the earth was motionless.

How did humanists of the fifteenth century help provide a foundation for the Scientific Revolution?

• They focused on the physical nature of the universe.

• They emphasized the value of acquiring practical knowledge.

• They rejected Greek ideas and learning to make a break with the past.

• They established the world's first universities.

What was Copernicus's primary reason for rejecting the Ptolemaic model of the solar system?

• Kepler's observations of stars convinced Copernicus they did not travel as Aristotle theorized.

• Galileo's observations demonstrated its inaccuracy.

• He considered Ptolemy's ideas to be too dated to be of use.

• He felt that it was too unwieldy to be part of God's harmonious creation.

Which of these was one of Galileo Galilei's greatest achievements?

• The discovery of the planet Pluto.

• The formulation of the first geocentric model of the universe.

• The formulation of the first heliocentric model of the universe.

• The discovery of the moons of Jupiter.

Isaac Newton's theories were based on the principle that the motions of the universe could be explained through

which of the following?

• Alchemy

• Faith

• Mathematics

• Music

Which of the following did empiricism emphasize?

• Proof through mathematical equations.

• Reliance on the authority of other scientists.

• Acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation.

• The use of deductive reasoning.

Many Enlightenment thinkers believed which of the following?

• That ordinary people could not improve their lives.

• That faith was meaningless to an enlightened person.

• That those in power would always resist progressive change.

• That the methods of science should be used to examine all aspects of life.

Voltaire thought that ordinary men

• were incapable of governing themselves.

• needed to be educated for democracy to work.

• should overthrow the French monarchy.

• needed to study England's social system.

Which of the following did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant argue was fundamental to the success of

the Enlightenment?

• Individuals must have the right to full and total free speech.

• Serious thinkers must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print.

• Individuals should not have to obey laws that are unjust.

• Only through revolution could meaningful change be effected.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say about women in regard to their role in society?

• That they were naturally passive and should stay at home and care for the children.

• That they made natural leaders in the home and in public.

• That they made important contributions to the Enlightenment.

• That they should be better educated about politics.