Sound & Valid Arguments

All toasters are items made of gold.
All items made of gold are time-travel devices.
Therefore, all toasters are time-travel devices.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with false premises
• Invalid with true premises

All spider monkeys are elephants.
No elephants are animals.
Therefore, no spider monkeys are animals.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with false premises
• Invalid with true premises

All basketballs are round.
The Earth is round.
Therefore, the Earth is a basketball.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with false premises
• Invalid with true premises

All ceilings are attached to walls.
All doors are attached to walls.
Therefore, all doors are ceilings.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with false premises
• Invalid with true premises

All dogs are green.
Anything that is green is a fish.
Therefore, all dogs are fish.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with false premises
• Invalid with true premises

Some cats are reptiles.
Bugs Bunny is a cat.
So Bugs Bunny is a reptile.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with false premises
• Invalid with true premises

If Socrates was a philosopher, then he wasn't a historian.
Socrates wasn't a historian.
So Socrates was a philosopher.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid
• Not even an argument!

If Socrates was a horse, then Socrates was warm-blooded.
Socrates was warm-blooded.
So Socrates was a horse.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with true premises
• Invalid with false premises

If the moon is made of green cheese, then cows jump over it.
The moon is made of green cheese.
Therefore, cows jump over the moon.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid with true premises
• Invalid with false premises

If Gregor is a horse, then Gregor is mortal. Gregor is a horse. So, Socrates is mortal.

• Valid but Unsound
• Sound
• Invalid