Learning Chapter 6 Review

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that

• is innate

• occurs as a result of experience

• is found only in humans

• occurs by observing others

Two forms of associative learning are ____ and ____.

• classical conditioning; operant conditioning

• classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning

• operant conditioning ; observational learning

• operant conditioning; learning conditioning

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a/n

• unconditioned stimulus

• conditioned stimulus

• neutral stimulus

• unconditioned response

In Watson and Rayner's experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates

• higher order conditioning

• acquisition

• stimulus discrimination

• stimulus generalization

_______ occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

• Extinction

• Modeling

• Neutrality

• Conditioning

In Pavlov's work with dogs, the psychic secretions were

• unconditioned responses

• conditioned responses

• unconditioned stimuli

• conditioned stimuli

______ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.

• positive reinforcement

• negative reinforcement

• positive punishment

• negative punishment

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?

• food

• money

• water

• sex

Breaking behaviors down into small, achievable steps is part of

• shaping

• modeling

• conditioning

• reinforcing

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

• fixed ratio

• variable ratio

• fixed interval

• variable interval