Living Environment Exam #1 - Bacteria/Antibiotics/Resistance

A person with AIDS is likely to develop infectious diseases because the virus that causes AIDS

• destroy cancerous cells

• damages the immune system

• increases the rate of antibody production

• increase the rate of microbe destruction

When the antibiotic penicillin was first introduced, it was immediately effective in combating staphylococcus bacterial infections. After a number of years, there were outbreaks of staphylococcal infections that did not respond to treatment with penicillin. The best explanation for this situation is that

• members of the original population of bacteria that were penicillin resistant survived and reproduced, creating a more resistant population

• the bacteria that survived exposure to penicillin learned to avoid it

• the bacteria that caused the new outbreaks were from populations that had never been exposed to penicillin

• during each generation, the bacteria modied their own DNA to increase their ability to resist penicillin and passed this ability on to their descendants

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Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are

• predators

• pathogenic organisms

• parasitic fungi

• decomposers

Typhoid fever, a disease that causes headaches, digestive upset, and a high fever, is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. Typhoid can be spread from person to person by contaminated water or food or by a lack of cleanliness. Since the 19th century, the number of individuals infected with this disease has decreased. Which statement best explains why the number of people with this disease and other bacterial diseases has decreased over the last 100 years?

• Scientists have corrected the damaged genes that cause typhoid fever and other infectious diseases.

• Public health ocials have placed better controls on the use of the toxic substances that cause these diseases.

• Typhoid fever, like most other bacterial diseases, is often caused by a lack of proper nutrition.

• Personal habits, such as hand washing, have greatly reduced contamination from bacteria.

The graph shows the growth of the human population. A possible explanation for the rise in population from 1930 to 1980 is the

• development of nuclear power plants

• stability of world ecosystems

• control of atmospheric pollutants

• development of antibiotics and medical technology

Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment is becoming an increasing problem for the medical community. It is estimated that 70% of bacteria that cause infections in hospitals are resistant to at least one of the drugs used for treatment. Dangerous strains of tuberculosis (TB) have emerged that are resistant to several major antibiotic drugs. While drug-resistant TB is generally treatable, it requires much longer treatments with several antibiotics that are very expensive.

Explain the loss of effectiveness of antibiotic drugs. In your explanation, be sure to:

a. identify the genetic event that resulted in the original antibiotic resistance in some strains of bacteria

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Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Bacterial resistance to antibiotic treatment is becoming an increasing problem for the medical community. It is estimated that 70% of bacteria that cause infections in hospitals are resistant to at least one of the drugs used for treatment. Dangerous strains of tuberculosis (TB) have emerged that are resistant to several major antibiotic drugs. While drug-resistant TB is generally treatable, it requires much longer treatments with several antibiotics that are very expensive.

Explain the loss of effectiveness of antibiotic drugs. In your explanation, be sure to:

b. explain how the overuse of antibiotics can increase bacterial resistance

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In the past, a specic antibiotic was effective in killing a certain species of bacteria. Now, most members of this bacterial species are resistant to this antibiotic. Explain how this species of bacteria has become resistant. Your answer must include at least the concepts of:

-differential survival

-variation 

-natural selection

-adaptation to the environment

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