AP World History Unit 3 Review

What social role did Christianity play in the lives of Europeans during the Post-classical Era?

• The ongoing assimilation of Manchu cultural traditions by the imperial elite

• Maintenance of the Silk Roads to promote cultural exchanges with the Middle East

• The use of the examination system and other Confucian bureaucratic practices

• Financial support for maritime expeditions similar to those led by Zheng He

From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons?

• To display power and legitimize their rule

• To spend excess money collected in taxes

• To encourage tourism and pilgrimages

• To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

• The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies.

• Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer.

• Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.

• The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

Source 2

Ms E-14, from a Moraqqa (gouache on paper), Indian School, (17th century) / Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg, Russia / Giraudon / Bridgeman Images

Sayings attributed to Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, circa 1500 C.E.

• “Oh God, the tongue of man has given Thee numerous names; but ‘the Truth’ is Thy real name from time immemorial.”

• “We human beings are neither Hindus nor Muslims; but are bodies and soul of the Supreme Being; call Him Allah, or call Him Rama.”

• “Everyone is chanting: ‘Rama, Rama’; but mere repetition is no remembrance of Rama. Only when the heart of man becomes saturated with God is such remembrance fruitful.”

• “Worthless is caste and worthless an exalted name; for all humankind there is but a single refuge in God.”

Source 2 indicates that all of the following were likely factors contributing to Sikhism’s popularity in India EXCEPT:

• It offered a set of religious beliefs that combined elements of both Hinduism and Islam.

• It advocated a direct and personal approach to God that paralleled Islamic beliefs.

• It appealed to members of the lower socioeconomic strata by rejecting the rigid social hierarchy of Hinduism.

• It offered a set of principles around which all Indians could rally in resisting British imperial encroachment

Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire’s territorial expansion in South Asia?

• The Mughals’ adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons

• The Mughals’ adoption of Sikhism

• The Mughals’ friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet

• The Mughal emperors’ claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?

• The Ottomans’ use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army

• The Ottomans’ use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops

• The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology

• The Ottomans’ exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades

“The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power.”

King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610

The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

• European monarchs’ continued use of religion to legitimize political authority

• The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades

• The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia

• The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to

• promote religious war against fellow Christians

• encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence

• demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God

• reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian could best explain the arguments made in the passage regarding the pope and the clergy in the context of Protestant claims that the Catholic Church

• had not adequately supported earlier Crusades against Muslims in the Holy Land

• had become corrupted by power

• had become too heavily influenced by Renaissance Humanism

• had failed to convert Muslims living in Europe to Christianity

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian interpreting the passage would most likely explain that the audience of the sermon is an illustration of the fact that

• papal alliances with the Holy Roman emperors led to widespread religious persecutions in Germany

• the Protestant German nobility was wary of confronting the Ottomans without Catholic support

• political support from the German nobility aided in the development of the early Protestant community

• the Protestant German nobility adopted pacifist attitudes during religious disputes with their Catholic and Muslim opponents