4.5-4.8 Assessment

Which of the following best describes the author’s argument in the first paragraph?

• The makeup of Barbadian society and the structure of its economy make existing punishments for slaves justified.

• Barbadian slaves are punished more leniently than slaves working on the larger plantations of French Caribbean islands.

• Plantation owners who punish their slaves too harshly are not fulfilling their duties as Christians to treat the less fortunate kindly.

• The punishments of slaves in Barbados resulted from previously experiencing a deadly uprising and anti-planter violence on the island.

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4.5: Maritime Empires Maintained Developed

Which of the following best describes the author’s claim in the second paragraph?

• The extensive mining of precious metals on Caribbean islands has destroyed the islands’ natural environment.

• Despite the small size of Barbadian plantations, the landowners in Barbados are very wealthy.

• Slave political grievances are threatening the political order in American colonial societies.

• Barbadian plantation owners are the wealthiest social group in the Caribbean.

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4.5: Maritime Empires Maintained Developed

Which of the following is an implicit argument made by the author in the passage?

• The current political and economic makeup of European colonies in the Caribbean is not sustainable over the long term.

• Christianity will provide a solution to the social ills of colonial societies in the Caribbean.

• Coerced labor systems have allowed a minority of the population of Caribbean colonial societies to reap enormous economic benefits.

• It is incumbent upon France to try to wrest control of Barbados from Great Britain.

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4.5: Maritime Empires Maintained Developed

As outlined in the passage, the provisions of the agreement can best be used to illustrate which of the following aspects of state-building in Eurasia in the period circa 1450–1750 ?

• Mercantilist philosophy continued to inform the economic and social policies of many states.

• Many states were able to consolidate their political systems and eliminate challenges to monarchical power.

• Religious differences stopped being a significant factor in the weakening and fragmentation of imperial states.

• Local groups successfully resisted attempts at state centralization and asserted their autonomy from central rule.

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4.6: Challenges to State Power

The privileges discussed in the last two paragraphs of the passage best demonstrate that in some instances in the period 1450–1750

• internal challenges to state power could lead to the establishment of new state-like structures within existing states

• states implemented policies seeking to restrict the role of certain minority groups in economic and social life

• monarchs had to resort to deploying standing armies to crush regional revolts by hereditary local elites

• states successfully established professional bureaucracies to reduce reliance on mercenaries and tax farming

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4.6: Challenges to State Power

The fact that the Russian tsar insisted in the last paragraph that some ambassadors be treated differently from others best illustrates which of the following about international politics in the period circa 1650–1750?

• The Christian countries of Europe had banded together to defeat the threat from the Muslim Ottoman Empire.

• Russia had encountered significant resistance to its plans for further territorial expansion from some of the established states in eastern and southern Europe.

• Poland and the Ottoman Empire both felt threatened by the rising military might of Russia.

• The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Russia, and most other European countries were bound by international treaties prohibiting the mistreatment of ambassadors.

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4.6: Challenges to State Power

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author’s argument in the first paragraph of the passage?

• The Mamluk ruling elites of Egypt were made up of slave soldiers of various ethnic origins, including Turco-Mongolic peoples from the Black Sea steppes and peoples from the Caucasus Mountains.

• The period of Mamluk rule in Egypt saw a high number of conversions to Islam and a considerable reduction in the percentage of Coptic Christians in the overall population of Egypt.

• The Mamluks were one of the very few Muslim dynasties to have successfully defeated invading Mongol armies in battle.

• The Jewish community in Mamluk Cairo included many prominent figures, including royal physicians, scholars, and administrators.

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4.7: Changing Social Hierarchies

Which of the following would a historian most likely cite as evidence in support of the author’s argument in the second paragraph of the passage?

• The Ottoman millet system, an arrangement designed to utilize the economic contributions of non-Muslim groups within the empire while granting them limited autonomy.

• The Ottoman practice of devshirme, a military levy of Christian boys who would be converted to Islam and trained as Ottoman Janissary soldiers or bureaucrats in state service.

• The Ottoman practice of farming out the collection of taxes to local private individuals (some of them non-Muslim), because of the shortage of trained government financial officials.

• The Ottoman sultans’ powers of granting final approval for any high-ranking appointment of a non-Muslim religious leader.

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4.7: Changing Social Hierarchies

All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which might best be used to undermine or modify the author’s argument in the second paragraph?

• Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire faced considerable restrictions on their religious practices, legal rights, and social freedoms.

• Christian and Jewish communities in many other Muslim states in the period circa 1450–1750 enjoyed some of the same rights as Ottoman Christians and Jews did.

• The Ottoman Empire was a preferred destination for Jews fleeing religious persecution in Europe, as well as for Protestant Christian groups fleeing Catholic persecution in Central and Eastern Europe.

• Many Ottoman Christians and Jews achieved great financial success through commercial activities, including long-distance trade.

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4.7: Changing Social Hierarchies