________ involves innate characteristics in behavioral styles, emotions, and ways of responding.

• Attachment

• Temperament

• Perception

• Social referencing

Answer explanation

Temperament refers to the innate characteristics that influence behavioral styles, emotions, and responses, making it the correct choice for the blank in the question.

"Easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" are three basic types of ________ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas.

• Trust

• Emotion

• Attachment

• Temperament

Answer explanation

The terms "easy child," "difficult child," and "slow-to-warm-up child" refer to different types of temperament, as identified by Chess and Thomas. Therefore, the correct answer is "Temperament."

________ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the caregiver’s ability to work with it and read the child’s cues.

• Social referencing

• Secure attachment

• Goodness of fit

• Reciprocal socialization

Answer explanation

Goodness of fit refers to how well a caregiver's approach aligns with a child's temperament, allowing them to effectively respond to the child's needs and cues, fostering a supportive environment.

Personality is:

• An individual’s consistent pattern of feeling, thinking, and behaving

• Cue to nature

• In the unconscious mind

• Unchangeable

Answer explanation

Personality refers to the unique and consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving that characterize an individual. This definition captures the essence of personality, distinguishing it from other concepts like nature or the unconscious mind.

Personality is influenced over time by:

• Cultural norms

• Gender norms

• Biological dispositions

• All of the above

Answer explanation

Personality is shaped by various factors, including cultural norms, gender norms, and biological dispositions. Therefore, the correct answer is 'All of the above' as each aspect contributes to personality development over time.

Which behavior develops around 2 months of age?

• The social smile

• Fear of unexpected sounds

• Laughter

• Anger

Answer explanation

The social smile typically develops around 2 months of age as infants begin to engage socially, responding to caregivers with smiles. This is an important milestone in emotional development.

Which of these emotions is considered a self-conscious emotion?

• Fear of strangers

• Anger

• Pride

• Curiosity

Answer explanation

Pride is a self-conscious emotion because it involves self-evaluation and awareness of social standards. In contrast, fear, anger, and curiosity are not self-conscious emotions.

Emily, a 15-month-old child, looks to her mother to see if she should be afraid of the stranger who has come to her home. Emily is engaging in:

• Separation anxiety

• Social referencing

• Stranger anxiety

• Uncertainty checking

Answer explanation

Emily is looking to her mother for cues on how to react to the stranger, which is an example of social referencing. This behavior shows she is seeking guidance from a trusted adult in an uncertain situation.

When a baby acts upset because a significant other is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:

• General anxiety

• Separation anxiety

• Solitary fear

• Fear of isolation

Answer explanation

When a baby shows distress when a significant other leaves, it indicates separation anxiety, a common emotional response in infants when separated from caregivers, rather than general anxiety or fear of isolation.

An infant's fear at seeing an unfamiliar person is called:

• Stranger wariness

• Extrafamilial fear

• Fear of the unknown

• Separation anxiety

Answer explanation

Stranger wariness is the term used to describe an infant's fear or anxiety when encountering unfamiliar people. This behavior typically emerges around 6 to 12 months of age, distinguishing it from other fears like separation anxiety.